Chemistry Flashcards Preview

Biology > Chemistry > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chemistry Deck (54)
Loading flashcards...
0
Q

Properties of Water

A
  1. Excellent Solvent
  2. High Heat capacity
  3. High Cohesion/Surface tension - attraction to like
  4. Strong Adhesion- attraction to unlike substances. (Wet finger and flip pages)
1
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another

2
Q

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides

Give 2 examples

A

Single sugar molecule(glucose or fructose)

3
Q

Carbohydrates: disaccharide

Give three examples and what they each contain

A

Two surge molecules. Sucrose(glu+fru) Lactose(glu+gal). Maltose(glu+glu)

4
Q

Carbohydrates:Polysaccharides

A

Series of connected monosaccharides; polymer

5
Q

Starch

A

Stored energy in plant cells

6
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored energy in animal cells

7
Q

Cellulose

A

Molecules for walls of plant cells and wood

8
Q

Chitin

A

Molecule in fungal cell walls(exoskeleton of insects)

10
Q

Triglycerides contains:

A

Includes fats and oils

3 fatty acid chains

Contain saturated(straight chain)and unsaturated(branching)

10
Q

Unsaturated

A

Double bonds

11
Q

Saturated

A

Fatty acid that has a single covalent bond

No double bonds

12
Q

Phospholipid contains:

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

13
Q

Amphipathic

A

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

14
Q

Waxes

A

Esters of fatty acids and monohydroxlic alcohols

15
Q

Adipocytes

A

Specialized fat cells whose cytoplasm contains nothing but triglycerides

16
Q

Cofactors

A

Are non-proteins molecules that assist enzymes.

17
Q

Nucleotide contains:

A

Nitrogen base, five carbon sugar deoxyribose

18
Q

Purines

A

Adenine, guanine

19
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine, cytosine

20
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, in all organisms.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing, living cells
  4. Cells carry hereditary information.
21
Q

Metabolism

A

Catabolism + anabolism + energy transfer

22
Q

ATP

A

Common source of activation energy.

24
Q

Allosteric Enzymes

Have 2 kinds of binding sites:

A

an active site for substrate binding and an allosteric site for binding of an allosteric effector.

25
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Binding of the inhibitor to the active site of the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate. No enzyme substrate reaction takes place as a result.

26
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

Happens where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme by binding to enzyme(other than the active site) and causing it informational change in enzyme shape. This change may effect the ability of the enzyme and active site ability to transform substrate into a product.

Many toxins and antibiotics are noncompetitor inhibitors.

27
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Shared electrons

28
Q

Electronegativity

A

ability of an atom to attract electrons

29
Q

Non-polar electrons

A

Share equally

30
Q

Polar electrons

A

shared unequally

31
Q

Single, Double, and Triple covalent bonds:

A

2,4,6, electrons shared

32
Q

Hydrogen bonds are:

A

weak bonds between molecules.

33
Q

Functional groups

A

Each functional group gives the molecule a particular property, such as acidity or polarity.

34
Q

Sucrose(common table sugar)

A

glucose + fructose

35
Q

Lactose(the sugar in milk)

A

Glucose + glactose

36
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

37
Q

Lipids are substances that are_______

A

insoluble in water.

38
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acid:

A

One double covalent bond

39
Q

Polyunsaturated:

A

two or more double covalent bonds

40
Q

Steroids:

A

four linked carbon rings.

Examples include: cholesterol(component of cell membranes), and certain hormones, including testosterone and estrogen.

41
Q

ProteinsL Enzymes

A

regulate the rate of chemical reactions.

42
Q

All proteins are polymers of

A

amino acids

43
Q

The bonds between amino acids are called:

Also what is a chain of amino acids?

A

peptide bonds. A chain is a polypeptide.

44
Q

Hydrophobic Effect:

A

occurs when hydrophobic R groups move toward the center of the protein( away from the water in which the protein is usually immersed)

45
Q

Ways RNA is different from DNA

A
  1. RNA molecule is ribose, not deoxyribose as in DNA
  2. The thymine nucleotide does not occur in RNA. It is replaced by uracil. When pairing of the bases occurs in RNA, uracil pairs with adenine.
  3. RNA is single stranded. DNA is double helix
46
Q

Activation energy

A

In order for a chemical reaction to take place, reacting molecules must first collide and then have sufficient energy to trigger the formation of new bonds.

47
Q

Metabolism includes:

A

Catabolism=breakdown

Anabolism/synthesis=formation of new products.

48
Q

Equilibrium:

A

describes the condition where the rate of reaction in the forward direction favors the rate in the reverse direction

No net production

49
Q

Enzymes:

A

are globular proteins that act as as catalysts.

50
Q

Characteristics of Enzymes:

A
  1. are substrate specific
  2. Efficiency is effected by temperature and pH.
  3. Induced fit-model:describes how enzymes work.
51
Q

Coenzymes:

A

are organic cofactors that donate or accept some component of a reaction; often electrons.

52
Q

Inorganic cofactors are:

A

metal ions, like Fe2+ and Mg2+

53
Q

Allosteric activator

A

binds to an enzyme and induces the enzymes ACTIVE form

54
Q

Allosteric inhibitor

A

binds to the enzyme and induces the enzymes INACTIVE form