Anti-bacterial drugs (Bacteriostatic + Bactericidal)

Question 1

Whats the difference between Anti-biotics + Anti-microbials?

Answer 1

1. Anti-biotics = chemotherapeutic agents, dervied from other living micro-organisms
2. Anti-microbials = Synthetically produced drugs

Question 2

What type of drug has selectively toxic against bacteria, viruses, fungi + protozoa?

Answer 2

Anti-biotics + Anti-microbials

Question 3

What are the 2 types of Anti-bacterials?

Answer 3

1. Bactericidal = kills bacteria
2. Bacteriostatic = inhibits bacterial growth

Question 4

True or False.

Broad-spectrum anti-biotics are effective against both Gram+ & Gram- bacteria.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

True or False.

Narrow-spectrum anti-biotics have limited effects against both Gram+ & Gram- bacteria.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Do Gram+ bacteria have a larger or smaller Peptidoglycan layer?

Answer 6

They have a larger Peptidoglycan layer

Question 7

Do Gram- bacteria have a larger or smaller Peptidoglycan layer?

Answer 7

They have a smaller Peptidoglycan layer

Question 8

Do Gram- & Gram+ bacteria have Cytoplasmic membranes?

Answer 8

Both!

Question 9

True or False.

Gram-negative bacteria are among the most significant public health problems in the world.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Do Gram- or Gram+ bacteria go blue or purple, after gram staining?

Answer 10

Gram+

Purple = Positive

Question 11

Do Gram- or Gram+ bacteria go pink or red, after gram staining?

Answer 11

Gram-

Question 12

Do Gram- or Gram+ bacteria have a thicker cell wall?

Answer 12

Gram-

Question 13

Name the 4 toxins Gram+ bacteria produce

Answer 13

1. Emetic toxins
2. Dirrhoeal enterotoxins
3. Neurotoxins
4. Enterotoxins

Question 14

Name the a toxin Gram- bacteria produce

Answer 14

Endotoxins

Question 15

Name the 9 types of Gram+ bacteria

Answer 15

1. Staphylococcus aureus, epidermidis + saprophyticus
2. Streptococcus pneumoniae, pyogenes + agalactiae
3. Enterococci
4. Corynebacterium diptheriae
5. Bacillus anthracis

Question 16

Name the 7 toxins Gram- bacteria produce

Answer 16

1. Vibrio cholerae
2. Escherichia coli (E-coli)
3. Bartonella henselae
4. Campylobacter
5. Legionella
6. Salmonella
7. Salmonella typhi

Question 17

What are the 3 MOAs for Anti-bacterials

Answer 17

Inhibting synthesis of:
1. Nucleic acid
2. Cell wall
3. Protein

Question 18

What 4 Anti-bacterials inhibit nucleic synthesis?

Answer 18

1. Sulphonamides (Sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole)
2. Trimethoprim
3. Quinolones (Enrofloxacin, Marbofloxaxin)
4. 5-Nitromidazoles (Metronidazole)

Question 19

What 2 Anti-bacterials inhibit Cell wall synthesis?

Answer 19

1. Penicillins (Amoxicillin, Ampicillin)
2. Cephalosporins (Cefovecin)

Question 20

What 4 Anti-bacterials inhibit Protein synthesis?

Answer 20

1. Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Tobramycin + Amikacin)
2. Tetracyclines (Tetracycline, Doxycycline)
3. Macrolides (Erythromycin, Clindamycin)
4. Chloramphenicols

Question 21

Name the 4 methods of admin of Anti-biotics

Answer 21

1. Injectables
2. Oral
3. Topical
4. Intra-mammary

Question 22

What are 4 resistance mechanisms of Anti-biotics?

Answer 22

1. Inactivating enzymes, that destory the drug
2. Decreased drug accumulation w/in the cell
3. Altered drug binding sites
4. Development of alternative metabolic pathways

Question 23

What is Transferred resistance?

Answer 23

1. Anti-biotic resistance gene
2. Transferred from 1 organism > another
3. Transferring plasmids via: Conjugation + transduction via Bacteriophages

Question 24

What are the 2 types of Anti-biotic resistance?

Answer 24

1. Acquired
2. Innate

Question 25

How can Anti-biotic **resistance** occur? *(Acquired + Innate)*

Answer 25

1. ***Natural selection*** 2. **Transferred** resistance

Question 26

Name **2** Anti-biotics

Answer 26

1. **Amoxicillin** 2. ***Cephalexin***/Cefalexin

Question 27

What is **Cephalexin**?

Answer 27

1. A bacterial**cidal** **Cephalosporin** 2. ***Inhibits*** the bacterial **cell wall** ***synthesis*** 3. **Resistant** to ***Staphylococcal penicillinase*** 4. That is **renally** excreted Also known as: ***Ceporex**, **Ubrolexin** + **Rilexine***

Question 28

Name the **3** brand names for **Amoxcillin**

Answer 28

1. **Synulox** 2. Noroclav 3. Calvudale

Question 29

# 11... What is **Amoxicillin**?

Answer 29

1. A bacterio**cidal**, **broad-spectrum** anti-***biotic*** 2. **Combined** w/***Clavulanic acid*** 3. **In**activating **β**- ***lactamase*** 4. ***Inhibiting*** the **synthesis** of bacterial **cell wall** 5. It's ***highly*** **lipid** soluble 6. With rapid, **good absorption** 7. By ***passive diffusion*** 8. With **low protein** ***binding***, potency + **high** ***therapetutic index*** 9. Its metabolised by the Liver - by **Hydrolysis** + **Conjugation** 10. Excreted by the **kidneys** 11. And can cause ***Hypersensitivity*** (*anaphylaxis*)