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Pharamcology > Drug formulations + Route of admin > Flashcards

Drug formulations + Route of admin Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a drug formulation?

A
  1. Different chemical substances
  2. (Including the active drug)
  3. Are combined to make a
  4. Final medicinal product
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2
Q

What do pharmaceutical companies consider when reaching a final medicinal product?

A
  1. If its stable + acceptable
  2. If its fit for purpose
  3. How to determine the best way to deliver the active ingredient
  4. Bioavailability (particle size, pH, polymorphism, solubility)
  5. Appearance
  6. Tolerable taste
  7. Fully broken down in GIT
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3
Q

What does the term Bioavailability mean?

A
  1. The % of what is absorbed into the blood stream
  2. % Avaliable to the body
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4
Q

Describe the formulation of a Tablet

A
  1. Compacted powder
  2. Enteric coating
  3. Consists of 2 parts:
    * Contains 5-10% of active drug
    * Excipient
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5
Q

What is an Excipient?

A
  1. Enhances active ingredients therapeutic properties
  2. Facilitates drug absorption
  3. Reduces viscosity
  4. Enhances solubility
  5. Improves long-term stabilisation (Preventing denaturation + aggregation, during expected shelf-life)
  6. Adds bulk to solid formulations

Aggregation = prevent abnormal blood clot-formulation

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6
Q

What is an Enteric coating?

A
  1. Barrier applied to oral medication
  2. Prevents dissolution or disintegration in GI environment
  3. Protect drugs from acidity of the stomach + detrimental effects of the drug
  4. Release the drug after the stomach (Usually in upper tract of the intestine)
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7
Q

What are the 2 types of Capsules?

A
  1. Hard
  2. Soft
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8
Q

What are Capsules?

A
  1. Tablets that encase an active substance
  2. Within a gelatin/vegetable-based shell
  3. Containing a drug in:
    * Powder
    * Granule
    * Liquid
    form
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9
Q

Name 3 advantages + 2 disadvantages of Hard capsules

A

Advantages
1. Fast-dissolving
2. Fewer active ingredients (due to protective outer shell)
3. Easier to swallow > taste better (less enteric coating)

Disadvantages
1. Sensitive to moisture
2. Shorter shelf-life

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10
Q

Name 1 advantage of Soft capsules + 2 disadvantages.

A

Advantages
1. Quick absorption - ideal for fast acting meds

Disadvantages
1. Susceptible to heat + humidity
2. Shorter lifespan than tablets

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11
Q

Name the 2 types of Oral liquid formulations

A
  1. Solutions (Soluble drugs)
  2. Suspensions (INsoluble drugs)
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12
Q

Name 3 Oral Suspension drugs

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Synulox
  3. Metacam
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13
Q

True or False.

Oral liquid formulations are faster + less expensive to develop, as well as having better bioavaliability.

A

True !

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14
Q

What are Parenteral drugs?

A

Drugs that are given by routes, other than the digestive tract

Par-entereal = intestine

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15
Q

Name 8 types of Parenteral drugs

A
  1. Injections
  2. Infusions
  3. IV
  4. IM
  5. SC
  6. Intra-dermal
  7. Intra-articular
  8. Epidural
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16
Q

True or False.

Parenteral drugs have slower absorption > slower onset of action.

A

False.

Parenteral drugs have faster absorption > faster onset of action.

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17
Q

Give an example of a drug that is administered Parenterally.

A
  • Buprenorphine
  • Given sublingually
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18
Q

Which is a Solution + which is a Suspension?

A
  1. Left = Solution
  2. Right = Suspension
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19
Q

Describe a Parenteral formulation

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Liquid or Lyophilised powders (Freeze-dried)
  2. Injections or applied directly to MMs
20
Q

What are injectable solutions?

Study These Flashcards
A

Drugs dissolved in liquid

21
Q

What are injectable suspensions?

Study These Flashcards
A

Drugs (insoluble) suspended in a liquid

22
Q

What must you do before administering an injectable suspension?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Shake-well!
  2. To mix the suspended drug + liquid
23
Q

What are injectable emulsions?

Study These Flashcards
A

Drug suspended in an **oil-based **liquid

24
Q

What is a Cutaneous formulation?

Study These Flashcards
A

A topically applied:
1. Cream
2. Ointment
3. Gel
4. Shampoo

25
# **NEED TO RE-WRITE** Name an example of each Cutaneous formulation: A) Cream B) Ointment C) Gel D) Shampoo
A) Cream = Ringworm, Superficial pyoderma B) Ointment = Polymixin-B, Ear drops C) Gel = Transdermal gel D) Shampoo = Anti-fungals
26
What do Cutaneous formulations usually treat?
Dermatological disease
27
Name the 2 types of **Emulsions**
1. Oil in water 2. **Water** in **oil**
28
What is an **Emulsion**?
1. A ***viscous***, **uniform substance** 2. Made from **2** immiscible liquids
29
What **%** of an **oral tablet** consists of the **active** ingredient?
5-10%
30
What forms of a drug do **capsules** contain?
1. Powder 2. **Granules** 3. **Liquids**
31
Why is it important to **mix** the **contents** of a **suspension** rather than a solution prior to drug administration?
* Because its **Insoluble** * Requiring **mixing** * To give a ***balanced dose*** * Of the **suspended** particles
32
Give an example of what drug **formulation** you would use to **treat** a ***superficial*** **bacterial skin infection**?
* Cutaneous formulation * Such as: 1. Creams 2. Ointments 3. Gels 4. Shampoos
33
What **4** factors **influence** **route** of administration ?
The animal is: 1. **Dosed** ***correctly*** 2. Dosed **safely** 3. **Receives** its **full course** of therapy 4. Is **not** **injured** or **causes** injury to **others**
34
Name the **5** factors affecting the **route** of drug **administration**
1. Species 2. **Temperament** (Anxiety) 3. **Nature** of **disease/injury** 4. Drug **formulation** 5. ***Client competence*** + **compliance**
35
Does IM have faster absorption than SC?
Yes
36
Give 3 advantages + 3 disadvantages of SC injections
Advantages 1. Relatively painless 2. Accurate dosing 3. Large volume possible Disadvantages 1. Slower absorption 2. Infection risk 3. Uncertain absorption amount
37
Does SC have a higher risk of anapylaxis than IV?
No, IV does
38
What class of animals are Intra-peritoneal injections more likely in?
Small animals
39
What can Intra-peritoneal injections cause a risk of?
Peritonitis
40
Where in the bone is a Intra-osseous injection administered into?
Bone **Marrow**
41
Do Intra-osseous injections have a slower or faster drug uptake?
Faster - rapid, even!
42
What type of injection often requires sedation to administer?
Intra-Osseous
43
What are the 2 common indications for Intra-Osseous injections?
1. **Neonates** 2. Patients in **shock**
44
What is an Intra-articular injection?
Injection **directly** into the **joint cavity**
45
Do Intra-articular injections require surgical preparation?
Yes
46
How long can a single dose of a Intra-articular injection last?
3-4 weeks!!
47
What are the 2 common reasons for providing Intra-articular injections?
For: 1. ***Local anti-inflammation*** to joints 2. **Analgesic** affect to joints

Pharamcology (18 decks)

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