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Parasiticides Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Parasiticides?

A

Drugs that kill parasites

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2
Q

What are Anthelmintics?

A

Drugs that kill worms

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3
Q

What are Ectoparasiticides?

A

Drugs that kill Ectoparasites

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4
Q

What type of drugs kill these?

A

Anthelmintics

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5
Q

What type of drugs kill these?

A

Ectoparasiticides

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6
Q

Name the 3 types of Anthelmintics

A
  1. Benzimidazoles
  2. Lavamisoles
  3. Macrocyclic Lactones
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7
Q

Name 2 Benzimidazoles

A
  1. Fenbendazole
  2. Triclabendazole
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8
Q

Name 1 Lavamisole

A

Imidazothiazole

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9
Q

Name 2 Macrocyclic Lactones

A
  1. Ivermectins
  2. Milbemycins
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10
Q

True or False.

You can combine Benzimidazoles, Levamisoles + Macrocyclic Lactones.

A

True

  1. As an increased spectrum of activity
  2. Delays resistance development
  3. Targets different stages of the parasites lifecycles.
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11
Q

What do Benzimidazoles target?

A
  1. Nematodes
  2. Some Tapeworms
  3. By binding with β-tubulin
  4. To inhibit cell division
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12
Q

What do Levamisoles target?

A
  1. Nematodes (Strongylids)
  2. As a Nicotinic agonist
  3. Causing Spastic paralysis
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13
Q

What do Macrocyclic Lactones target?

A
  1. Nematodes
  2. Ectoparasites
  3. By binding with Glutamate-gated Cl- channels
  4. Causing flaccid paralysis
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14
Q

What do Anthelmintics do?

A
  1. Kill or eliminate Helminths (Worms)
    &
  2. Other Intestinal parasites
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15
Q

What are the 2 forms or Anthelmintics

A
  1. Oral
  2. Topical
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16
Q

How do Anthelmintics generally work?

A
  1. Interfere with parasites feeding + survive
  2. Paralyse the parasites
  3. And expelling them from the GI tract
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17
Q

What family is Fenbendazole from?

A

Benzimidazole family

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18
Q

What type of spectrum does Fenbenazole have?

A

Safe + broad spectrum

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19
Q

4 ..

What is the Mode Of Action (MOA) for Fenbendazole?

A
  1. Binds to the Nematode tubulin
  2. Interfering with cell processes + organelle formation
  3. With the carbohydrate (energy) metabolism
  4. Essentially starving the Nematode
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20
Q

State the 3 clinical indications for using Fenbenazole
(Long version)

A

For treatment:

  1. In adult Dogs + Cats,
    * GI Nematodes + Cestodes
    * (Ascarid ((Toxocara canis, cati + leonina)), Ancylostoma, Trichuris, Uncinaria + Taenia spp)
  2. Puppies + Kittens with:
    * Puppies = Protozoa (Giardia spp)
    * Kittens = GI Nematodes
  3. Dogs + Cats with an infection of:
    * Dogs = Lungworm - Oslerus (Filaroides) Osleri or Protozoa - Giardia spp
    * Cats = Lungworm - Aelurostrongylus
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21
Q

State the 3 clinical indications for using Fenbenazole
(Short version)

A
  1. Adult Dogs & Cats with GI Nematodes + Cestodes
  2. Puppies with Protozoa + Kittens with GI Nematodes
  3. Dogs & Cats with Lungworm
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22
Q

What 4 types of internal parasites does Fenbenazole treat in Dogs + Cats?

A
  1. GI Nematodes
  2. Cestodes
  3. Protozoa
  4. Lungworm
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23
Q

Name the 5 types of Nematodes + Cestodes that Fenbendazole treats

A
  1. Ascarid spp (Toxocara canis, cati + leonina)
  2. Ancylostoma spp
  3. Trichuris spp
  4. Uncinaria spp
  5. Taenia spp
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24
Q

What does Fenbendazole treat in Puppies?

A

Giardia spp
(Protozoa)

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25
What does **Fenbendazole** treat in **Dogs**?
1. Nematodes 2. **Cestodes** 3. Puppies = Giardia 4. **Lungworm** - ***Oslerus (Filaroides) osleri***
26
What type of **Lungworm** does Fenbendazole treat in **Dogs**?
**Oslerus** (Filaroides) **osleri**
27
What type of **Lungworm** does Fenbendazole treat in **Cats**?
**Aelurostrongylus** abstrusus
28
What is **Fenbendazole** used to treat most commonly in Kittens?
Giardia
29
What is **Praziquantel**?
1. An **Anthelmintic** drug 1. Used against ***Cestodes*** (tapeworms) + ***Trematodes*** (flukes)
30
What is the MOA for **Praziquantel**?
1. Causes ***severe*** **damage** to parasite's **integumentary** 2. Resulting in ***contraction*** + **paralysis**
31
True or False. There is an almost **instantaneous** ***tetanic contraction*** of the parasite **musculature** and a ***rapid vacuolisation*** of the **syncytial** tegument when using Fenbenazole.
False. There is an almost instantaneous tetanic contraction of the parasite musculature and a rapid vacuolisation of the syncytial tegument when using **Praziquantel**.
32
What does this mean in lay-man terms? There is an almost **instantaneous** ***tetanic contraction*** of the parasite **musculature** and a ***rapid vacuolisation*** of the **syncytial** tegument.
1. Instantaneous tetanic contraction = **Muscle paralysis** (tetany) 2. Vacuolisation = outer-surface **cell destruction** 3. Syncytial tegument = Outer-surface **protective layer** leads to > Expulsion or **death**
33
What 3 things does **Praziquantel** do to the Endoparasite?
Causes: 1. **Muscle paralysis** 2. **Cell** ***destruction*** 3. Death
34
How is the **rapid tetanic contraction** of a parasite's **integumentary** explained, when using Anthelmintic?
1. By **changes** in ***divalent*** **cation** **fluxes** 1. In particular - ***Calcium***
35
What does this mean, when talking about **Praziquanatel**? *"This rapid contraction has been explained by changes in divalent cation fluxes, particularly calcium."*
Essentially Praziquantel: 1. Causes **Calcium ions** to **rush into** parasite's **muscle cells** 2. ***Overstimulating*** them 3. Leading to: **Continuous**, ***rigid*** muscle **contraction** >> **paralysis**
36
Describe the MOA in **Praziquantel**
1. Drug **increases** the **permeability** of cell **membranes** - **for** **CALCIUM** **ions** 2. Inducing **contraction** of parasite's **muscles** 3. Inducing **paralysis** - into a contracted state 4. The **dying** parasites are **dislodged from** their **site** of action, in the host 5. ***Entering*** **systemic circulation** OR 1. **Destroyed** by **host's immune reaction** (Phagocytosis)
37
# 2 .. What is **Pyrantel**?
1. A **broad** spectrum **anthelmintic** 1. With a **DEPOLARISING** ***neuromuscular blocking agent***
38
# 4 .. What is the MOA of **Pyrantel**?
1. The **depolarising** ***neuromuscular blocking action*** 2. Resulting in spastic **paralysis** of worm 3. As well as **inhibiting** ***Cholinesterases*** 3. **Expelling** from **GI** tract
39
Why is **Pyrantel** considered suitable as an Intestinal anthelminitic?
As it is **poorly absorbed** by the GI tract
40
Name 4 **Anthelmintics**
1. **Fenbendazole** 1. **Pyrantel** 1. Milbemycin/**Praziquantel** *(Milbemax)* 1. **Sela**mectin *(Stronghold)*
41
Which has a **broad spectrum** + can be used as a **combination** medication, in **tablet** form? A) Selamectin B) Pyrantel C) Fenbendazole D) Praziquantel/Milbemycin
D) Praziquantel/Milbemycin
42
What is **Selamectin**?
1. A **spot-on** anthelmintic + **ECTO-PARASITICIDE** 2. Effective against: * ***Round***worm * ***Heart***worm * ***Hook***worm * **NOT** **tape**worm
43
Which drug is effective against: * Roundworms * Heartworms * Hookworms * Ectoparasites * But **NOT** tapeworms?
Selamectin/Stronghold
44
What is the active drug called in **Stronghold**?
1. Selamectin 1. A member of the Avermectin family
45
What drug is apart of the **Avermectin** family and is not only effective against worms (apart from tapeworm) + **ectoparasites**?
Selamectin
46
# 4 .. What is the MOA for **Selamectin**?
1. Causes **neuro-muscular** ***paralysis*** 2. By **replacing** ***glutamate*** 3. Into the ***nerve*** **synapses** 4. **Preventing** ***Chloride*** **channels** from **opening** into muscles
47
What class of **Anthelmintic** is **Ivermectin**(s)?
Macrocyclic Lactone
48
What is the MOA of Macrocyclic Lactones, as **Ivermectin**?
1. They **bind selectively** + w/high affinity to 2. **Glutamate**-gated **CHLORIDE ion channels** (+ ***other ligand***-gated channels, like **GABA***) 3. **In** **nerve + muscle** cells 4. Leading to **increased permeability** of cell membrane 5. To **chloride ions** 6. W/ **hyper-polarisation** of nerve or muscle cells 7. Resulting in **paralysis** > **death** ## Footnote GABA = **Gamma-aminobutyric acid** - the neurotransmitter
49
What are **Ectoparasiticides**?
Drugs that kill ecto-parasites
50
What are the 2 forms of Ectoparasiticides?
1. Topical 2. **Systemic**
51
Name 2 types of **topical** Ectoparasiticides
1. **Sprays** 2. Spot-ons
52
Why is the move towards **oral dosing** for **Ecto**parasiticides?
1. To **increase efficacy** of **administration** 2. **Decrease exposure** to ***Owners*** + ***environment*** from Insecticides
53
True or False. Most Ectoparasiticides **interfere** with **egg production**, whereas others only **kill adults** + in the **larval** stages. Whereas others **disrupt** the ***nervous system*** function.
True
54
# 3 .. In basic terms, how do **Ectoparasiticides** work?
1. ***Interfering*** with **egg production** 2. **Killing** ***adult*** + ***larval*** stages 3. **Disrupting** the ***nervous system function***
55
Name the **2** (Complicatedly named..) **chloride channels** in Invertebrates (Ectoparasites) which act as ***intracellular signal*** or ***cell-to-cell messengers***, to **protect** them from their **environment** + **host** stressors.
1. **γ**-***aminobutyric*** **acid** (GABA)-gated chloride channels (GABACls) 2. **Glutamate**-gated chloride channels (GluCls)
56
What do these channels do in Ectoparasites? A) **γ**-***aminobutyric*** **acid** (GABA)-gated chloride channels (GABACls) B) **Glutamate**-gated chloride channels (GluCls)
They act as: 1. ***Intracellular signal*** or ***cell-to-cell messengers*** 1. To **protect** them from their **environment** + **host** stressors
57
What **type** of **metabolism** in Ectoparasites was to be *"broadly involved in the essential 'machinery' confined to the protozoa lineage"*
GABA metabolism (γ-aminobutyric acid) OR known as '*GABAergic system*' ## Footnote γ = Gaba
58
What does **GABA** metabolism do in Ectoparasites?
1. Tightly regulates + **controls** 1. The **biological** + pathophysiological **processes**
59
What family is **Fipronil** apart of?
The **Phenylpyrazole** family
60
What is **Fipronil**?
An **Ecto**parasiticide
61
# 6 .. What is the MOA for **Fipronil**?
1. Fipronil ***inhibits*** the **GABA complex** 2. By **binding** to the **CHLORIDE** **channels** 3. ***Blocking*** the **pre + post**-***synaptic*** **transfer** 4. Of Chloride Ions 5. **Across** the **membrane** 6. Resulting in ***uncontrolled*** **activity** of the **CNS** + **death** in Insects + acarids
62
In basic terms, what is **Fipronil**'s MOA?
1. It causes ***uncontrolled activity*** of the **CNS** 1. Leading to death
63
What is this?
The GABA complex
64
True or False. There is a compound related to the Avermectin family + is active against **Internal** + external parasites.
True
65
What is the MOA of **Selamectin**?
1. Causes **Neuromuscular** ***paralysis*** 1. In Nematodes + Arthropods
66
What species is **Selamectin** licensed in, for **topical** admin?
Dogs + **Cats** *(Cats = Stronghold)*
67
What is the common **brand name** given to **Fluralaner**?
**Brave**cto!
68
# 5 .. What is the MOA of **Fluralaner**/Bravecto?
1. **Potent** ***inhibitor*** of Arthropod's **nervous system** 2. Acting **ant**agonistically 3. On **Ligand**-gated **chloride channel**s (***GABA*** + ***Glutamate*** receptors) 4. Leading to **uncontrolled activity** of the **CNS** 5. Causing **paralysis** + death
69
How is Fluralaner administered to patients?
1. Tablet 2. Spot-on

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