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Pharamcology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

(19 cards)

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1
Q

What do Vaccines do?

A
  1. Protect animals from clinical disease
  2. By stimulating active immunity
  3. In the recipient
  4. Containing 1 or more antigens (Specific to disease, but not causing disease)
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2
Q

What does the success of Vaccines rely on?

A
  1. The host/animals immune system
  2. To produce a robust response to exposure
  3. To the antigen
  4. Leading to the production of antibodies + MEMORY CELLS
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3
Q

What 2 scientists (sperately) discovered the Smallpox + principles of vaccination (“Father of bacteriology)

A
  1. Edward Jenner in 1796 = Smallpox vaccine
  2. Louis Pasteur in 1880s = Principles of vaccination/Pasteruisation
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4
Q

Name 3 Vaccine forms

A
  1. Nasal sprays
  2. Oral doses
  3. Injections
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5
Q

True or False.

Depending on the pathogen (a bacteria or virus) that is being targeted, different vaccine technologies are used to generate an effective vaccine.

A

True

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6
Q

Name the 6 types of Vaccines

A
  1. Live-Attenuated
  2. In-activated
  3. Subunit (Recombinant, Polysaccharide + Conjugate)
  4. Toxoid
  5. Viral Vector
  6. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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7
Q

7 ..

What are Live, Attenuated Vaccines?
&
How does they work?

A
  1. Specific weakened viruses, that have been passed through generations of cells, to pick up genetic mutations to weaken it
  2. Targeting the immune system directly - strong enough to trigger the immune response, but to weak to cause disease
  3. Delivered by syringe or orally
  4. Enters cells, copies, replicates + taken in in by antigen presenting cells
  5. Immune helper cells trigger immune response, creating antibodies
  6. Antibodies bind to virus + prevent entry to cells
  7. Memory cells are created + stored, to detect the virus in future
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8
Q

What are In-activated Vaccines?
&
How does they work?

A
  1. Viruses that are killed with chemicals or heat prevent replicating disease (So its safe for immunocompromised)
  2. Targeting antibody production, that is weaker than live vaccines or natural infection - so can require MULTIPLE doses
  3. Delieverd by syringe or orally
  4. Taken in by antigen presenting cells, chopped into smaller pieces, called = antigens
  5. Antigens stay on cell surface, to be recognised by immune system
  6. Immune helper cells trigger immune response + produce antibodies
  7. Antibodies bind to virus/bacteria + prevent entry
  8. Antibody levels FADE WITH TIME + require additional shots
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9
Q

What are Sub-unit (Recombinant, Polysaccharide + Conjugate) Vaccines?
&
How does they work?

A
  1. (Non-live) Portion of bacteria/virus to cause immune response that is independent of their origin
  2. They are proteins, polysaccharide chains or combo of both
  3. Deliver by injection
  4. Protein - (mixed adjuvant) taking up by antigen presenting cell + displays on cell surface
  5. Immune helper cells identify + trigger immune response
  6. Polysccharide/Conjugate - (This diguises from immune system) taking up by antigen presenting cell + displays on cell surface, identified + trigger immune response
  7. Recombinant - (Viruses/Bac created in lab, carry DNA coding on surface) taking up by antigen presenting cell + displays on cell surface, identified + trigger immune response
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10
Q

ADD toxoid, viral vector + mRNA

A
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11
Q

What are Live vaccines?

A
  1. Contains modified live version of pathogen
  2. Slightly different strain, causing disease
  3. Undergoes limited replication in host - but enough to cause disease
  4. When animal exposed to fuller range of viral antigens, producing more robust + long-lasting immune response than killed vaccines
  5. Rare - but small possibility live causes signs of disease
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12
Q

What are Killed vaccines?

A
  1. Chemically in-activated pathogen, that can’t reproduce
  2. But still induces an immune response
  3. All contain an Adjuvant (Chemical** that **enhances** **immune response**, by **slowing release** of vaccine + **attracting** immune **cells** to injection **site)
  4. They are safer - as agents cannot replicate + can be given to pregnant + immunosuppressed patients
  5. Patients can have a reaction to adjuvants
  6. Disadvantage - higher doses are required to promote effective immune response v live vaccine
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13
Q

Give 4 examples of Attenuated vaccines

A
  1. Canine Distemper virus
  2. Parainfluenza virus
  3. Parovirus
  4. Adenovirus-2
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14
Q

Give 5 examples of IN-activated vaccines

A
  1. Canine rabies
  2. Influenza
  3. Lyme disease
  4. Canine Leptospirosis
  5. Bordetella bronchiseptica
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15
Q

Give 3 examples of Re-combinant vaccines

A
  1. Canine Lyme disease
  2. Canarypox virus-vectored Canine distemper
  3. Plasmid-expressed/engineered antigens
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16
Q

Give 1 example of Toxoid vaccines

Study These Flashcards
A

Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) toxoid vaccine

17
Q

Name the 3 types of Attenuated vaccinees

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Live
  2. Modified live
  3. Live attenuated
18
Q

Name 5 types of Re-combinant vaccines

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Subunit
  2. Polysaccharide
  3. Conjugate
  4. Chimeric
  5. Viral-vectored
19
Q

List 8 reasons for vaccination failures

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Patient’s own immune response failure
  2. Exposure to infection, before being full vacc
  3. Interference of MATERNAL ANTI-BODIES
  4. Improper storage
  5. Improper handling
  6. Inappropriate administration
  7. Waning immunity (Immunosenescence, age-related detrioration)
  8. Vacc manufacturing errors (Lack of potency - due to instability, expiration or improper storage)

Pharamcology (18 decks)

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