Gastrointestinal drugs Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
What is in the middle of this diagram?
A
The Vomiting Centre
2
Q
Name the part that is missing
A
Vestibular
3
Q
Name the part that is missing
A
Muscles stimulated
4
Q
Name the part that is missing
A
Chemoreceptor trigger zone
(CRTZ)
5
Q
Name the part that is missing
A
Cortex
6
Q
Name the part that is missing
A
Sensory Vagal
+
Sympathetic
7
Q
Name the part that is missing
A
Dorsal Vagal Complex
8
Q
Name 6 components of GI drugs
A
- Induce or suppress V+
- Promote passage of faeces
- Prevent D+
- Work locally (Absorbents or laxatives)
- Some have central effects
- Can provide desirable Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic + Antibiotic therapy
9
Q
What do Emetic drugs do?
A
Induce Emesis
10
Q
Name 1 Emetic drug
A
Apomorphine
11
Q
What is Apomorphine?
A
- An opioid
- Used to induce V+
- By acting centrally
- To stimulate the V+ centre in the brain
12
Q
True or False.
Apomorphine is licensed only for use in Cats.
A
False.
Apomorphine is only licensed for use in Cats.
13
Q
True or False.
Emetics should be used with caution, if administered orally, as they they can causes GI tract to stimulate V+, therefore may not be as effective.
A
True
14
Q
What drugs should be used with caution, if administered orally, as they they can causes GI tract to stimulate V+, therefore may not be as effective
A
Emetics
15
Q
What is hidden in the yellow?
A
Chemoreceptor trigger zone
(CRTZ)
16
Q
Name the bit that is covered, in red
A
Metoclopramide
17
Q
Name the bit that is covered, in red
A
Prochlorperazine
18
Q
Name the bit that is covered, in blue
A
Vestibular
19
Q
Name the bit that is covered, in red
A
Ondanestron
20
Q
Name the bit that is covered, in red
A
Maropitant
21
Q
Name the bit that is covered, in blue
A
Cortex
22
Q
Name the bit that is covered, in blue
A
Sensory vagal
+
Sympathetic
23
Q
Name the bit that is covered, in green
A
Vomiting centre
24
Q
What are the sections in red?
A
Medication to control V+
25
Name **2** commonly used **Anti**-emetics
1. **Maropitant**
2. Metoclopromide
26
What **receptors** does the Anti-emetic, ***Maropitant*** **antagonise**?
**Neurokinin** ***1***
(NK1)
27
How does **Maropitant** antagonise the ***Neurokinin 1*** receptors?
1. By **inhibiting** the **binding** of ***substance P***
2. A **neuropeptide**
28
Where is **Substance P** found in ***significant*** concentrations?
In the **nuclei** of the **Emetic centre**
29
What is the **key** ***neurotransmitter*** involved in **vomiting**?
Substance **P**
30
True or False.
By **inhibiting** the **binding** of ***substance P*** within the emetic centre, **Maropitant** is effective **against** **Neural** and **Humoral** (Central + Peripheral) causes of vomiting.
True
31
How does **Maropitant** cause vomiting?
* By **inhibiting** the **binding** of Substance P
* Within the Emetic centre
* **Effective** **against** the neural + humoral (***central*** + ***peripheral***) which **causes** of V+
32
True or False.
***Metclopromide*** causes **excitement** + **aggression** in **Dogs**.
True
33
True or False.
***Metclopromide*** can be used in Epileptics.
False.
It cannot, as they can **aspirate** on any V+.
34
Does **Metoclopromide** act centrally or peripherally?
Centrally
35
True or False.
Metoclopromide works **centrally** + ***locally***, **in** the **GI tract**
True!
36
If **Anti-emetics**, such as Metoclopromide work locally on the **GI tract**, what may it also ***enhance***?
**Peristaltic** activity!
37
If Metoclopromide, as an Anti-emetic ***enhances*** **peristaltic activit**y, what may it also **increase**?
**Increases** ***upper*** digestive tract **muscle** ***contractions***
38
If ***Metoclopromide*** enhances **peristaltic activity + muscle contractions** of the upper digestive tract, what will it then **speed up**?
It'll speed up:
1. **Stomach emptying** ***into*** the **intestines**
2. **Tightness** of the lower Esophageal ***sphincter***
39
What acts as a **Dopamine** **D2** receptor **antagonist** in the CNS?
Metolopromide
40
What will a Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist **prevent**, in the CNS?
**Nausea** + V+
41
# 6 ..
How does **Metoclopromide** prevent V+?
1. **Centrally** acts + **locally** acts on **GI tract** to ***enhance peristaltic activity***
2. **Increasing** muscle **contractions** of ***upper*** digestive tract
3. **Speeding** up the rate of **stomach emptyin**g > intestines
4. Increases the **tightness** of the ***lower*** Oesophageal **sphincter**
5. **Acting** as a **Dopamine D2 receptor** ***antagonist*** in the CNS
6. **Preventing** ***nausea*** + V+
42
What drug pathophysiology/mode of action is being demonstrated here?
Metoclopramide
43
Name a **Gastro**-**protectant** drug
Omeprazole
44
What is the common drug used for the treatment of **Peptic ulcers**, GOR + Gastritis?
* Gastro-protectants, such as:
* **Omeprazole**
45
What does a Gastro-protectant do?
* It's an **Ant**acid
* So it ***neutralizes*** **stomach acid**
46
# 6 ...
How does **Omeprazole**, the Gastro-protectant, work?
1. **Inhibits** the **Gastric mucosa** ***Proton*** **pump**
2. **Supressing** the gastric **acid secretion**
3. By **inhibiting** the **H+**/**K+** **ATPase** ***system***
4. **At** the secretory **surface** of the **parietal** cell
6. **Preventing** **H+** **pumped** > the ***lumen*** of the **stomach**
7. In **exchange** for **K+**
47
What is this diagram an example of?
The mode of action of **Gastric-protectants**
48
Name an A**d**sorbent drug
**Activated** charcoal
49
What is this used for?
Absorbing **Theobrome**
(Poisoning)
50
How does the **Adsorbent**, ***Activated charcoal*** work?
The **compound** ***prevents*** **absorption** of **drugs** from the GI tract
51
True or False.
**Efficacy** of **Adsorbents** varies **depending** on the **toxin**.
True
52
What is **Theobromine** posioning?
**Chocolate** or **Caffeine** ingestion
(Chocolate toxicosis)
53
How is Activated charcoal **administered**?
Orally
54
# 5 ..
What is the mode of **action** for ***Activated Charcoal***?
1. AC is **subjected** to **steam** + **O2**
2. **Creating** ***small pores***
3. They **actively trap** ***chemicals*** + **organic**, ***hydrophilic*** **compounds**
4. **Absorbing** toxins
5. **Preventing** ***Enterohepatic recirculation***
55
Where are Theobromine + Caffeine **absorbed** from?
GI tract
56
Where is Themobromine + Caffeine metabolised?
In the Liver
57
Once Theobromine + Caffeine have been metabolised by the Liver, where does it go?
Undergoes **Enterohepatic** ***recycling***
58
What is this a diagram of?
**Enterohepatic** *recycling*
59
# 5 ..
What is **Enterohepatic** circulation?
1. The **process** where a **drug** or metabolite in the **liver** is ***secreted*** **into** the **bile**
2. Where the **GI microflora** ***act on*** the **bile**
3. Then **stored in** the ***gallbladder***
3. **Released** into > ***SI***
4. Where its **reabsorbed** ***back into*** **circulation**
5. Back **into** the ***Liver***
*(Countless times)*
60
True or False.
Some drugs/toxins can undergo **extensive** entero-hepatic recycling which affects the **duration** of their activity.
True!
61
What do **Laxatives** do?
1. **Promote** the **passage** of faeces
2. Resulting in passing of a ***softer stool***
62
Name 2 Laxatives
1. **Liquid paraffin**
2. Lactulose
63
What is **Liquid Paraffin**?
A **lubricant** laxative
64
What is **Lactulose**?
An **osmotic** laxative
65
# 2 ..
How may **Laxatives**, such as Liquid paraffin or Lactulose be **administered** to a patient?
1. Orally
2. **Rectally**
66
What are the **3 indications** for using **Laxatives** in the VP?
1. Affecting the function or structure of the terminal GI tract
2. Where a **toxin** needs to be **eliminated**
3. To ***empty*** the **GI tract**, **prior** to **diagnostic imaging**
67
True or False.
White chocolate contains the least amount of Theobromine + most unlikely to cause toxicity in Dogs.
True
68
How much **Milk** chocolate would a Dog have to absorb to have **mild signs** of Theobromine posioning?
1 oz/lb
69
How much **Dark** chocolate would a Dog have to absorb to have **toxic signs** of Theobromine posioning?
0.1 oz/lb
70
How much **Baking** chocolate would a Dog have to absorb to have **highly toxic signs** of Theobromine posioning?
0.1 oz/lb
71
How much **Cocoa powder** would a Dog have to absorb to have ***extremley*** **toxic signs** of Theobromine posioning?
Even the smallest of amounts
72
True or False.
A 10kg dog would have to ingest:
1. 450g of Milk chocolate
2. 90g of Dark chocolate
3. 30g of Baking chocolate
To be toxic or lethal.
True.
As:
1. Milk chocolate is toxic at 1 oz/lb.
2. Dark chocolate is toxic at 0.1 oz/lb.
3. Baking chocolate is **lethal** in the smallest of amounts.
73
What is the most **lethal** of form of Chocolate?
A) White
B) Milk
C) Dark
D) Baking
D) Baking
74
What is the ***least*** **lethal** of form of Chocolate?
A) White
B) Milk
C) Dark
D) Baking
A) White
75
Are Cats also susceptible to Theobromine posioning?
* Yes
* But they are less likely to be as tempting to Cats, as dogs!
