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Chemotherapy agents Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 6 stages of Cell division

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
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2
Q

What occurs during Interphase?

A
  • DNA in chromosomes copies itself
  • Ready for mitosis

Cell spends most of its life here..

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3
Q

What occurs during Prophase?

A
  1. DNA in chromosomes + their copies condense
  2. Become visible
  3. Membranes around nucleus disappears
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4
Q

What occurs during Metaphase?

A
  1. Chromosomes + copies line up
  2. In the middle of the cell
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5
Q

What occurs during Anaphase?

A
  1. Chromosomes + copies
  2. Pull to different ends of cell
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6
Q

What occurs during Telophase?

A
  1. New membranes form around chromosomes
  2. At each end of the cell
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7
Q

What occurs during Cytokinesis?

A
  1. Cell membrane pinches in
  2. Eventually divides into
  3. 2 daughter cells
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8
Q

List the stages of cell divison in order.

A) Metaphase
B) Interphase
C) Cytokinesis
D) Prophase
E) Telophase
F) Anaphase

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
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9
Q

List the stages of Cell divison in order.

A) New membranes form around the chromosomes, at each end of the cell.
B) Chromosomes + copies are pulled to different ends of the cell.
C) Cell membrane pinches in + eventually divides into 2 daughter cells.
D) Cell spends most of its life in this phase. DNA in chromosomes copy itself, ready for mitosis.
E) DNA in chromosomes + their copies line up in the middle of the cell.
F) DNA chromosomes + their copies condense, becoming visible and the membrane around the nucleus disappears.

A

D) Cell spends most of its life in this phase. DNA in chromosomes copy itself, ready for mitosis.
F) DNA chromosomes + their copies condense, becoming visible and the membrane around the nucleus disappears.
E) DNA in chromosomes + their copies line up in the middle of the cell.
B) Chromosomes + copies are pulled to different ends of the cell.
A) New membranes form around the chromosomes, at each end of the cell.
C) Cell membrane pinches in + eventually divides into 2 daughter cells.

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10
Q

5 ..

What is the Cell Growth checkpoint, in the cell cycle?

A
  1. Occurs towards the end of the growth phase (G1)
  2. It checks whether the cell is big enough
  3. If it has made the proper proteins for the synthesis phase
  4. If not - the cell goes through a resting period (G0)
  5. Until it is ready to divide
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11
Q

3 …

What is the DNA Synthesis checkpoint, in the cell cycle?

A
  1. Occurs during the Synthesis phase (S)
  2. Checks whether DNA has been replicated correctly
  3. If so - the cell continues on to > Mitosis (M)
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12
Q

3 ..

What is the Mitosis checkpoint, in the cell cycle?

A
  1. Occurs during Mitosis phase (M)
  2. Checks whether mitosis is complete
  3. If so - cell divides + the cycle repeats
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13
Q

What does this diagram demonstrate?

A

Cell cycle + checkpoints

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14
Q

Name the 3 cell checkpoints, in order

A
  1. Cell Growth checkpoint
  2. DNA Synthesis checkpoint
  3. Mitosis checkpoint
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15
Q

Name the checkpoint in the green portion of this diagram

A

Cell Growth checkpoint

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16
Q

Name the checkpoint in the pink portion of this diagram

A

DNA Synthesis checkpoint

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17
Q

Name the checkpoint in the yellow portion of this diagram

A

Mitosis checkpoint

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18
Q

Name the 2 classifications of Anti-cancer drugs

A
  1. Phase-specific
  2. Cycle-specific
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19
Q

How are Anti-cancer drugs classified?

A
  1. According to their sites of action
    &
  2. Their synthetic pathway of cellular macromolecules
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20
Q

Are Phase-specific Anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs effective during the whole or part of the cell cycle?

A

Only effective during the part of the cell cycle

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21
Q

Are Cycle-specific Anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs effective during the whole or part of the cell cycle?

A

Throughout the whole cell cycle

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22
Q

Name 5 types of Cytotoxic or Anti-cancer drugs

A
  1. Alkylating agents
  2. Mitotic spindle inhibitors
  3. Anti-metabolites
  4. Anti-tumour antibiotics
  5. Glucocorticoids
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23
Q

5 ..

How do cytoxic Alkylating agents work?

A
  1. By interfering DNA synthesis
  2. Inactivating DNA
  3. Preventing cell division
  4. Cross-linking the 2 strands of the Double helix
  5. During all stages of the cell cycle
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24
Q

Name 2 cytoxic Alkylating agents

A
  1. Cyclophosphamide
  2. Chlorambucil
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25
Name **2** cytoxic **Mitotic** ***Spindle*** **Inhibitors**
1. **Vincri**stine 2. **Vinbla**stine
26
# 5 .. How do **Mitotic** *spindle* **Inhibitors** work?
1. They are spindle **poisons** 1. Causing **Metaphase** ***arrest*** 1. By **interfering** w/the ***formation*** of 1. The nuclear **spindle** 2. By **binding** to the ***Microtubular proteins***, that are ***necessary*** for spindle **formation**
27
Give another name for ***Mitotic spindle Inhibitors***
1. **Vinca** ***alkaloids*** Or 1. Vinca **taxanes**
28
Name **1** cytotoxic Anti-**metabolite** drug
Metho**trexate**
29
How do cytotoxic **Anti**-**metabolites** work?
1. **Interfere** w/**DNA synthesis** 2. **At** the ***S-stage*** (DNA Synthesis) *(Not commonly used)*
30
Name **1** cytotoxic **Anti**-**tumour** ***antibiotics***
**Doxo**rubicin
31
# 5 .. How do cytotoxic **Anti**-**tumour** ***antibiotics*** work?
1. They **bind** ***between*** the **DNA** ***strands*** + *base pairs* 2. **Stopping** them from ***re***-**joining** 3. By **blocking** ***RNA*** **production** 4. ***Degrading*** DNA 5. By ***formation*** of ***Free radicals***, called **Bleomycin**
32
Name **1** example of a cytotoxic **Glucocorticoid**
**Pred**nisolone
33
# 3 .. How do ***Monoclonal*** **antibodies** work?
1. **React** w/***cancer cell*** **antigens** 2. ***Activating*** the **host**'s ***immune system*** 3. To **kill** cancer cells
34
True or False. **Combinations** of Anti-cancer drugs can be ***more succesful*** than **single** drugs, for **some** cancers.
True
35
What does this diagram show?
Drugs used for treating Cancer
36
Name the 7 Anti-**cancer** drugs that **inhibit** DNA Synthesis, during the **S**-Phase
1. **Cytarabine** 2. Anti-**metabolites** 3. Metho**trexate** 4. **Capeci**tobine 5. Fluoro**uracil** raltitrexed 6. **Mercapto**purine 7. **Tio**guanine (Thioguanine)
37
Name the 3 Anti-**cancer** drugs that **inhibit** **D**NA Synthesis, during the **M**-Phase
1. Vin**blastine** 2. Vin**cristine** 3. **Pac**litaxel
38
Name the 8 Anti-**cancer** drugs that **inactivate** **R**NA Synthesis
1. Chlor**methine** 2. **Cyclo**phosphamide 3. Chloram**bucil** 4. **Bus**ulphan 5. Cis**platin** 6. **Doxo**rubicin 7. Dactino**mycin** 8. **Bleo**mycin
39
Name the 6 Anti-**cancer** drugs that **inhibit** Proteins, Enzymes + Hormones
1. **Gluco**corticoids 2. Oestro**gen** 3. Anti-**oestrogens** 4. **Andro**gens 5. Trastuz**umab** 6. **Ritux**imab
40
How does **Cytarabine** inhibit DNA synthesis?
Inhibits DNA **polymerase**
41
How does **Methotrexate** inhibit DNA synthesis?
1. Inhibits ***dihyrdofolate*** **reductase** 2. Leading to the **Methylation** of ***deoxyuridylic*** to **Thymidylic** ***acid***
42
How does **Capecitobine**, **Fluorouracil** + **Raltitrexed** inhibit DNA synthesis?
1. Inhibits **Thymidylate** 2. Leading to the **Methylation** of ***deoxyuridylic*** to **Thymidylic** ***acid***
43
How does **Paclitaxel** inhibit DNA synthesis, during the **M**-phase?
1. **Binds** w/**Tubulin** 2. ***Stabilising*** spindles 3. Producing **Mitotic** ***arrest***
44
How does **Vinblastine** + **Vincristine** inhibit DNA synthesis, during the **M**-phase?
1. **Bind** to ***Tubulin*** 2. **Destroying** spindles
45
Name **5** cytotoxic **Alkalating** agents
1. Chlor**methine** 2. **Cyclo**phosphamide 3. Chloram**bucil** 4. **Bus**ulphan 5. Cis**platin**
46
Name **3** cytotoxic **Anti-biotics**
1. **Doxo**rubicin 2. Dactino**mycin** 3. **Bleo**mycin
47
Name **4** ***Steriod*** hormones used for Cancer
1. Gluco**corticoids** 2. **Oestro**gens 3. **Anti**-oestrogens 4. Andro**gens**
48
Name **2** cytotoxic **Monoclonal** antibodies
1. **Trastuzu**mab 2. **Rituxi**mab
49
# 2 .. What **type** of cancer is ***Cyclophosphamide*** used for?
1. Myelo**proliferative** disorders 2. **Lung** + **Mammary** ***sarcomas***
50
In COP protocols, what **2** drugs is ***Cyclophosphamide*** combined with?
1. Vin**cristine** 2. **Pred**nisolone
51
What type of Anti-cancer drug is **Cyclophosphamide**?
An **Alkylating** agent
52
As an **Alkylating** agent, what is the **mode** of **action** for ***Cyclophosphamide***?
1. The **metabolites** ***interfere*** with/**DNA**: * ***Synthesis*** * ***Function*** * **RNA** ***transcription*** 5. **Causing** DNA **strands** to ***break*** + act on **all** stages of the cell **cycle**
53
What are the 2 methods in which ***Cyclophosphamide*** is **administered** to patients?
1. Injection 2. **Orally** (most commonly)
54
When **Cyclophosphamide** is metabolised by the Liver, what does it form?
Several ***active*** **metabolites**
55
What can the **active metabolites** that are ***formed*** from the **metabolism** of ***Cyclophosphamide*** in the Liver, cause?
**Haemorrhagic** cystitis
56
True or False. Vincristine is a plant-derived Vinca Alkaloid/Metabolic Spindle Inhibtor that is often used in a chemotherapy protocol, to treat Lymphoma.
True!
57
What is **Vincristine** commonly used to treat?
Lymphoma
58
What are these images of?
A patient that has undergone **Chemotherapy** ***Extravasation***. 1. **3** days **post** extravasation 2. **6** days post extravasation
59
How is **Vincristine** normally administered?
IV
60
Why must **Vincristine** be administered through an ***IV catheter*** that has been placed at the **1st** attempt?
1. Because it can cause **severe injury** 1. If it **infiltrates** the ***perivascular*** **tissue**
61
What is the Mode of Action for **Vincristine**?
1. Causes ***Metaphase*** **arrest** 2. By **interfering** w/the ***Microtubule formation*** 3. **Preventing** ***formation*** of the Nuclear ***spindles*** 4. Leading to **Cell death**
62
What is the common name for Spindle inhibitors?
Sleeping beauty
63
What is **Prednisolone**?
An Anti-Inflammatory/NSAID
64
As well as being an Anti-Inflammatory drug, what ***other properties*** does **Prednisolone** have?
It has ***Immunosuppressive*** properties
65
How do ***Immunosuppressive*** drugs, like **Prednisolone** work?
1. They **inhibit** ***Mitosis*** + ***protein synthesis*** 2. In **sensitive** ***lymphocytes***
66
As an ***Anti-inflammatory*** and ***Immunosuppressive*** drug, what ***common*** **cancer** does **Prednisolone** treat?
Lymphoma
67
What Anti-inflammatory + Immunosuppressive drug can be used in a COP or modified protocol, with **Vincristine** + **Cyclophosphamide**? Usually to treat **Lymphoma**..
**Pred**nisolone
68
Name the **2** drugs involved with the standard COP protocol for **Mast Cell Tumours** (MCT)
1. Vinblastine 2. Prednisolone
69
Name the **3** types of Chemotherapy **agents**
1. **Muta**genic 2. **Terato**genic 3. **Carcino**genic
70
What type of protocol is **LPP**?
All-**oral** ***rescue*** protocol for Dogs
71
True or False. The LPP oral-protocol, suitable for dogs, is considered a first-line treatment for **T-cell Lymphoma**.
True
72
How should Chemotherapuetic agents be stored?
In **secure**, ***clearly labelled*** containers
73
What type of **environment** should Chemotherapy agents be administered in?
Calm + quiet environment
74
What must you wear when handling Chemotherapy agents?
Chemotherapy PPE
75
What is a Canine COP protocol?
A set of **standardized** ***guidelines*** + ***procedures*** used in the treatment
76
Name the **3** drugs used in the CHOP protocol for **Lymphoma**
1. **Cyclo**phosphamide 2. Vin**cristine** 3. **Pred**nisolone
77
Name the **4** components of the **CHOP** protocol for Canine **Lymphoma**
1. **First-line** chemotherapy protocol for treating **Lymphoma** in dogs 2. Combines: ***Cyclophosphamide***, ***Vincristine*** + ***Prednisolone*** 3. Plus (**+**) **Hydroxydoxirubicin** 4. Effective in inducing **remission**
78
Name the **4** components of the **COP** protocol for Canine **Lymphoma**
1. Another first-line chemotherapy protocol Canine Lymphoma 2. Combines: Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine + Prednisolone 3. Used **during** the ***induction*** **phase**
79
Name the **difference** between the **CHOP** + **COP** protocols for Canine **Lymphoma**
1. CHOP = **Addition** of ***Hydroxydoxirubicin*** + effective during **Remissison** 2. COP = Used only in the **Induction** phase (Both combine the 3 drugs; *Cyclophosphamide*, *Vincristine* + *Prednisolone*)
80
What **stage** should the ***CHOP*** protocol be used in Canine **Lymphoma**?
**Remission** (As effective in inducing it)
81
What **stage** should the ***COP*** protocol be used in Canine **Lymphoma**?
**Induction** phase
82
After the **first/initial induction** of **Induction Protocols**, with the hope that its ***induced*** ***remission***, What should happen next?
1. Follow a **Maintenance** protocol 1. To ***maintain*** **remission**
83
What **3** drugs are used in the **LMP**? (*Lymphoma Maintenance Protocol*)
1. **Metho**trexate 2. ***Chlorambucil*** 3. Pred**nisone**
84
Why must Chemotherapy dosing be so **precise**?
1. Due to their ***narrow*** **therapeutic index** 2. Meaning there is a **very small margin** **between** an **effective** + **toxic** dose
85
What affect does Osteosarcoma have on an x-ray?
A sunburst effect
86
Where are the most rapidly dividing cells located in the body, that are commonly the sites of cancer?
1. Bone marrow 2. ***GI epithelium*** 3. **Hair follicles**
87
True or False. Chemotherapy/cytotoxic drugs are often administered IV + SC, but not orally.
False. Chemotherapy/cytotoxic drugs are often administered **IV** + **orally**, but not **SC**
88
What are the difference between **Free radicals** + **Anti-oxidants**?
1. **Free radicals** are **atoms** that are ***negatively charged***, **damaging** the cell **membranes** + other structures 2. **Anti-oxidants** ***mop up*** the free radicals
89
True or False. Its as simple as 1 lymphocyte becoming cancerous, to turn into an overwhelming population, leading to Lymphoma.
True, as they are so rapidly divding.
90
If you ever see a patient have purple aspirate, what does this mean?
They have Lymphoma + probably on Vincristine!
91
What formation does Cyclophosphamide normally administered in patient?
1. Little tablets 2. Injection
92
True or False. Lymphoma + Leukaemia are not blood cancers.
False. Lymphoma + Leukaemia **are** blood cancers.
93
Is it true that some cancers can become resistant to COP protocols?
True
94
What 2 side effects can Cyclophosphamide cause?
1. **Strang**uria 2. **Haema**turia Leading to ***Sterile cystitis***
95
If an owner doesn't want to put their pet on chemo, what may the VS prescribe?
Prednisolone
96
What should you consider when shaving patients for excising MCTs?
Shaving wide-enough margins, for full excision
97
What 4 pieces of PPE may you use when handling cytotoxic drugs?
1. Facemasks 2. Shields 3. Masks 4. Gloves
98
What colour bins do you dispose cytotoxic drugs/materials in?
Purple or purple-lids
99
What drugs may you give to patients that are undergoing to chemo, to help protect their GI tract/stomach lining?
Gastric protectants

Pharamcology (18 decks)

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