Applied Feeding 1

Question 1

What are the types of plant fiber?

Answer 1

-cell wall
-cell contents

Question 2

What are cell wall plant fiber?

Answer 2

-fibrous
-cellulose
-hemicellulose
-lignin

Question 3

What is cell content plant fiber?

Answer 3

-digestible by most animals
-proteins
-some lipids
-starch
-sugars

Question 4

For feed analysis what is it helpful to have?

Answer 4

-estimates for cell wall (not digestible to partially digestible)
-vs cell content (digestible)

Question 5

What lead to the development of crude fiber? and what was later found?

Answer 5

-analyzing the fiber (cell wall) content of a feed
-later found neutral and acid detergent fiber analysis

Question 6

What is crude fiber?

Answer 6

-a component of TDN
-an estimate of the energy content of a feed
-meant to estimate cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, xylans, and other fibers

Question 7

What are the drawbacks of using crude fiber estimates?

Answer 7

-time for analysis (slow and tedious)
-poor repeatability
-not universally consistent or applicable

Question 8

What do most state regulatory systems still require?

Answer 8

-reporting of crude protein

Question 9

When did the detergent fiber system start being developed?

Answer 9

-in the 1960’s and continued through to the 1980’s

Question 10

What detergents were used in the detergent fiber system?

Answer 10

-two detergents used based on pH
-acid detergent
-and neutral detergent

Question 11

What are the benefits of the detergent fiber system?

Answer 11

-microscale method is available: less consuming of reagents and sample
-repeatable
-yields analysis that related to animal use of feeds: useful for developing rations especially in ruminants

Question 12

What does the residue from neutral detergent fiber (NDF) analysis represent?

Answer 12

-the fiber in a feed like
cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin

Question 13

What is the removed portion in the NDF?

Answer 13

-cell contents

Question 14

What does acid detergent fiber (ADF) remove?

Answer 14

-hemicellulose

Question 15

What does NDF effectively separate?

Answer 15

-cell wall from cell contents
-highly digestible vs less digestible components

Question 16

What is the residue in ADF?

Answer 16

-cellulose and lignin
-least digestible and not digestible components of the cell wall

Question 17

What are NDF and ADF utilized mainly for?

Answer 17

-ruminants where fiber digestion is more of a factor in their nutrition
-but also for non-ruminant herbivores like horses

Question 18

Why is the detergent fiber system the most practical feeding situation? what did it replace?

Answer 18

-its application and utility
-replaced crude fiber

Question 19

What does NDF represent?

Answer 19

-the cell wall
-portion of a feed that is slow digested
-reflects the “bulkiness” of a feed

Question 20

What can NDF predict?

Answer 20

-intake that is limited by fill

Question 21

What does more NDF mean?

Answer 21

-more bulk fill and need for digestion (fermentation) for additional space

Question 22

What is ADF related to?

Answer 22

energy values of a feed

Question 23

Is hemicellulose more digestible than cellulose?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

What are NDF and ADF useful for?

Answer 24

-both measures are useful for predicting feed intake
-the energy content of a feed
-and animals performance tied to intake and energy

Question 25

What is the goal of a ration formulation?

Answer 25

-feed is consumed in sufficient amounts to support product and at a reasonable cost

Question 26

What information is needed to make a ration formulation?

Answer 26

-nutrient requirements of the animal -feedstuff available -type of ratio -expected feed consumption

Question 27

What is needed for feedstuff availability to make a ration formulation?

Answer 27

-its (estimated or known) nutrient composition

Question 28

What is needed for type of ratio to make a ration formulation?

Answer 28

-complete feed -grain mix complementing another feed -supplement supplying protein -vitamins -minerals

Question 29

What is needed for expected feed consumption to make a ration formulation?

Answer 29

-this can be difficult to predict or estimate for some animals and ties back to "consumed in sufficient amounts"

Question 30

What should we consider to estimate nutrient requirements?

Answer 30

feeding standards

Question 31

What are feeding standards?

Answer 31

-quantitative descriptions of the amounts of nutrients needed by animals

Question 32

What is another way to say requirement for a function?

Answer 32

amount of a nutrient

Question 33

What does based on research mean?

Answer 33

-quantitative data from animal experiments

Question 34

What are expert committees?

Answer 34

-scientists that review research data and summarize best understanding of nutrition at the moment

Question 35

What are the expert committees for the UK, US, France, and Australia?

Answer 35

UK = ARC US = NASEM (formerly NRC) France = INRA Australia = CSIRO

Question 36

When are things updated?

Answer 36

-periodically as new research and understanding becomes available -requirements change

Question 37

What are standards ?

Answer 37

guidance for practice

Question 38

When do requirements change?

Answer 38

depending on physiological state

Question 39

What is feed intake affected by?

Answer 39

-factors

Question 40

What are examples of standards?

Answer 40

-requirements -feed intake -nutritional composition of ingredients over time, batch after batch, year to year

Question 41

What are the influences of nutrients and amounts on physiological state?

Answer 41

-early growth = muscle and bone -later growth = adipose and muscle -late pregnancy = uterus and mammary development -early lactation = milk and adipose mobilization -late lactation = milk and adipose accretion

Question 42

What is intake a key to?

Answer 42

-formulating rations

Question 43

What must animals do to a ration to meet requirements?

Answer 43

-must be able to consume the ration as formulated at a level to meet requirements

Question 44

What will a great ration that cannot be consumed adequately by the animal do?

Answer 44

-not meet requirements

Question 45

What happens when you feed to dense of a ration?

Answer 45

-wasted nutrients -excess condition

Question 46

What are examples of intake factors?

Answer 46

-Physiological state and activity -species differences -breed differences within species -sex, age -palatability and physical form -environment -physical limitations -health and metabolic disorders

Question 47

How does breed differences with species affect intake factors?

Answer 47

-dairy vs beef -layer vs broiler -draft vs race

Question 48

How does breed environment affect intake factors?

Answer 48

-temperature, humidity, wind chill -influence on feed intake positively and negatively

Question 49

How does breed physical limitation affect intake factors?

Answer 49

-flow through GI tract -bulk -pregnancy

Question 50

What are requirements?

Answer 50

-amount -Mg, g, kg (pounds) -Kcal, Mcal, kJ -IU for vitamins

Question 51

When should you convert to percentages?

Answer 51

-when expressing as a proportion of the diet after accounting for intake

Question 52

What is crude protein?

Answer 52

sum of protein including NPN

Question 53

Who is digestible and metabolizable protein measure for?

Answer 53

ruminants

Question 54

Who is amino acid requirements measured for?

Answer 54

non-ruminants

Question 55

Examples of nutrient requirements

Answer 55

-crude protein -digestible and metabolizable protein -amino acid requirements -metabolizable energy -digestible energy -net energy

Question 56

Types of net energy

Answer 56

-NEg = net energy for growth -NEi = net energy for lacation -NEm = net energy for maintenance