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Animal Nutrition > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What do carbohydrates supply to animals?

A

Energy

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2
Q

What is the basic formula of a carbohydrate?

A

-Ch2O
-water with a carbon
-a hydrated carbon

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3
Q

What is the basic progression of a carbohydrate?

A

-feeds supply carbohydrates
-digestion and absorption make them available for metabolism

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4
Q

What is the simplest carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharides: a single sugar molecule

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5
Q

What are the most carbon monosaccharides?

A

6 carbons (Hexose)

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6
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Monosaccharides joined together

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7
Q

glucose x glucose =

A

Maltose
-digestion from starch

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8
Q

galactose x glucose =

A

Lactose
-for young animals

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9
Q

glucose x fructose =

A

Sucrose
-Not usually food in animals

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10
Q

What is an oligosaccharide?

A

3-15 monosaccharides

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11
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

many monosaccharides

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12
Q

What polymers will we focus on this class?

A

Starch and cellulose.

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13
Q

What do starch and cellulose have in common?

A

Both polymers of glucose

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14
Q

What are the types of starches we will be focusing on?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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15
Q

What is amylose?

A

Straight chain with alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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16
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Has branches, alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds.

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17
Q

What is cellulose?

A

-Glucose monomers joined by beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-Animals don’t have enzymes to digest cellulose an can’t break beta bonds
-ridged form

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18
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

In the muscles and the liver
-not from the diet

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19
Q

What are the properties of starch?

A

-if they are water soluble or not
-physical structures and compactness influences digestibility impact
-starch exists as granules and the size and shape affect properties like water absorption capacity and swelling

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20
Q

Is amylose water soluble?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Is amylopectin water soluble?

A

Not really, less so because branches limit water access

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22
Q

Cellulose Digestibility

A

-Animals lack the enzymes to hydrolyze cellulose into glucose subunits
-Animals rely on resident bacteria for cellulose enzymes needed to break down cellulose
-followed by fermentation

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23
Q

Who derives more fiber: ruminants or non-ruminants? and how do they do it?

A

Ruminants derive more fiber by using fermentation upfront in their digestion tract.

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24
Q

What is the only saccharide that circulates in animals?

A

Monosaccharides

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25
Q

Which is structed: starch or cellulose?

A

Cellulose
-Keeps plants upright

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26
Q

Do carbohydrates rely on enzymes for digestion?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What’s an enzyme?

A

-made from protein
-catalyze
-turn one thing into another
-reusable
-reduce the energy to make a change
-special helper, do work

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28
Q

What is the enzyme used initial hydrolysis in starch digestion?

A

alpha amylase
-salivary
-pancreatic

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29
Q

What is the enzyme used to further hydrolysis in starch digestion?

A

disaccharides

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30
Q

Which is easier to digest: starch or cellulose?

A

Starch
-get more energy from starch than cellulose

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31
Q

How is starch digested?

A

By fermentation

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32
Q

Are amylase always found in the same place?

A

No, location of amylase differs between animals (animalvariation)

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33
Q

Where is starch broken down most of the time?

A

Small intestine

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34
Q

What breaks branch points alpha 1,6 bonds in amylopectin?

A

isomaltose

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35
Q

What breaks alpha 1,4 bonds?

A

alpha amylase

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36
Q

Can isomaltose also break alpha 1,4 bonds?

A

Yes

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37
Q

What are the two types of Hexose transports?

A

-Facilitated glucose transporters
-Sodium-glucose transports

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38
Q

Facilitated glucose transport

A

Allowing things to move the way they want through Glut-5

39
Q

Sodium-glucose transporters

A

-SGLT1 is used by Na+ ad glucose to transport

40
Q

What does Glut-2 do?

A

Takes the glucose, fructose, ect. transported by Glut-5 and SGLT1 and transports them into the body (submucosa)

41
Q

What hydrolyze diaccharides?

A

-Maltose
-Lactose
-Sucrase

42
Q

Where are disaccharides located?

A

The brush border

42
Q

Where and what is the brush border?

A

-Located on the surface of the small intestine facing the lumen
-In the form of microvilli
-increase surface area for absorption
-enzymes in plasma membrane of enterocyte
-has many types of enzymes that break down molecules
-transport into enterocyte and then into blood

42
Q

What do ruminants lack?

A

Sucrase

43
Q

What enzyme do lactose intolerant people not produce?

A

Lactase

43
Q

Ruminant Interaction with Carbohydrates

A

-The use of fermentation allows herbivores to derive nutrition from fibrous plant material like hay and corn silage
-bacteria in rumen gets first pass on feed before the small intestine

44
Q

Since the bacteria in the rumen gets first pass on feed what happens to carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are fermented and the glucose is converted to short-chain (volatile) fatty acids that the animal utilizes through metabolism
-this is through anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

45
Q

Is alpha amylase important for ruminants?

A

Not really, since bacteria get first pass at feed alpha amylase is not really needed

46
Q

What happens if ruminants are fed to much starch?

A

Whole starch can pass the bacteria and go further into the stomach

47
Q

What happens to glucose after it enters the blood stream?

A

“Glucose Turnover”
-continuous utilization and synthesis in the body

48
Q

What is glycogen synthesis used for?

A

Storage for later metabolization and use

49
Q

What is glycolysis used for?

A

-Energy and
-to produce substrates for fatty acid synthesis (longer term energy storage)

50
Q

Ruminants and Glucose

A

-fermentation modifies glucose into fatty acids
-limited amylase production
-no sucrase

51
Q

What are carbohydrates fermented to in ruminants?

A

Short-chain (volatile) fatty acids including
-glucose from starch is converted
-and glucose from cellulose is converted

52
Q

Where do ruminants get their glucose if starch and cellulose are fermented and basically no glucose is absorbed from the intestine?

A

From short-chain fatty acids and gluconeosynthesis

53
Q

If ruminants are deriving glucose from another process, how much glycolysis occurs in ruminants?

A

Not very much, because the energy needed to start the process in not efficient.

54
Q

Do ruminants and non-ruminants get glucose from their diet?

A

-Non-ruminants: Yes
-Ruminant: No

55
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis and who is it present in?

A

-Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates
-present in ruminants and non-ruminants
-take something and make glucose

56
Q

How do ruminants use gluconeogenesis?

A

Ruminates depend on it constantly to produce glucose

57
Q

How do non-ruminants use gluconeogenesis?

A

-Utilize it more for production of glucose when availability is reduced
-as needed bases
-back up energy

58
Q

How do horses use gluconeogenesis?

A

-lower dependance from volatile fatty acids, but do regularly produce glucose from it.

59
Q

Who makes glycogen?

A

Everyone

60
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Storage form of glucose in tissue; muscle and liver
-glucose linked by alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds.

61
Q

What is another name for glycogen synthesis?

A

Glycogenesis

62
Q

Where is glycogen being stored?

A

In cytosol of cells

63
Q

What enzymes are used in glycogen synthesis?

A

-Glycogen synthase
-Branching enzymes (making)
-Gycogenin-protein primer and glycogen synthesis

64
Q

What are glucose and glycogen linked by?

A

Alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 bonds

65
Q

What do branching enzymes do?

A

make branches

66
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Degradation of glycogen
-liberation of glucose for utilization

67
Q

What enzymes are use in glycogenolysis?

A

-Debranching enzymes
-Glycogen phosphorylase: breaks the alpha 1,4 bonds and adds a phosphate group to glucose to make Glucose -1-P

68
Q

What can Glucose-1-P be converted to?

A

Glucose-6-P (muscle and liver)
-and on to glucose in the liver and then released into the blood

69
Q

Liver and muscle storage of glycogen

A

-Liver storage giving
-Muscle storage greedy

70
Q

What can Liver glucose-6-P be converted back to?

A

Glucose

71
Q

What does insulin increase and what does it reduce?

A

-increases glycogenesis
-reduces glycogenolysis

72
Q

What does fasting, epinephrine, and glucagon increase and reduce?

A

-increase glycogenolysis
-reduces glucogenesis

73
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

conversion of glucose to pyruvate

74
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytosol of cells

75
Q

What does Hexokinase convert?

A

glucose to glucose-6-P

76
Q

What does Phosphofructokinase convert?

A

fructose-6-P to fructose-1,6-biphosphate

77
Q

What does pyruvate kinase convert?

A

phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

78
Q

Can conversions made by Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase be reversed?

A

No, they only go one way, no reverse

79
Q

How much ATP is used to produce Glucose-6-P and fructose-1,6-biphosphate?

A

-1ATP is used to produce each
-Total of 2 ATP used

80
Q

What is Hexose Fructose-1,6-biphosphate broken into?

A

Two 3-carbon molecules
-Two 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate molecules
-two Phosphoenolpyruvate molecules -

81
Q

What does phosphoglycerate kinase convert? and how much ATP is yielded?

A

-converts 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate
-Two 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate molecules yields 2 ATP

82
Q

What does pyruvate kinase convert? and how much ATP is yielded?

A

-Converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
-Two phosphoenolpyruvate molecules yields 2 ATP

83
Q

What is the net ATP from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

84
Q

What happens in aerobic condition to glycolysis?

A

-conversion of Glyceraldehyde-3-P to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate produces NADH + H+
-Two 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerat produced per glucose = 2 NADH+ H+

85
Q

How is NADH + H+ e used under aerobic conditions?

A

-can be used in oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria to produce 3 ATP

86
Q

How much ATP is yielded if glycolysis is occurring under aerobic conditions and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Increases from 2 to 8!

87
Q

What is the condition for lactate synthesis?

A

Absence of oxygen
-no oxidative phosphorylation
Cells lacking mitochondria
-red blood cells

88
Q

What is pyruvate converted to by lactate dehydrogenase? and how is it done?

A

-lactate
-Converts NADH + H+ to NAD+ allowing it to be reused for glycolysis to keep the pathway flowing and generate ATP

89
Q

What happens to lactate?

A

-Can be converted back to pyruvate by lactate
-Back to glucose by gluconeogenesis

90
Q

What does the conversion of NADH to NAD need?

A

Mitochondria

91
Q

What else can glucose be stored as?

A

Fatty acids

Animal Nutrition (22 decks)

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