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Animal Nutrition > Ruminant 2 > Flashcards

Ruminant 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of true symbiosis?

A

Between the ruminant and its rumen microbes

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2
Q

How does symbiosis work in the ruminant?

A

-microbes of the rumen depend on the ruminant essential conditions
-ruminant provides habitat and microbes provide end products of fermentation

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3
Q

What are microbes essential for?

A

-Digestion and fermentation of fibrous feedstuffs that could not otherwise be used for nutrients.

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4
Q

What are some characteristics of the rumen?

A

-low oxygen environment
-very fluid: facilitates microbial interactions and enzymes with feed
-open and continuous ecosystem maintaining a stable microbial population
-carbohydrate rich
-a little is going to come out at a time

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5
Q

What gases are in the rumen?

A

-65% CO2, 7% N2, and 0.6% O2 in the rumen

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6
Q

What is the dry matter content in the rumen?

A

-varies from 6-18% depending on area in the rumen

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7
Q

Do fractalated or obliques like oxygen?

A

-Fractalated use oxygen
-Oblique don’t like oxygen

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8
Q

What type of environment favors lack of oxygen?

A

-lack of oxygen favors anaerobic microbes

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9
Q

What is the rumen support by?

A

-a constant supply of substrates (eating food) and a large holding capacity
-capacity aids in retention of complex diet components allowing degradation and fermentation

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10
Q

Since the rumen is carbohydrate rich what makes up most of the feed?

A

-cellulose and other polysaccharides

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11
Q

Are small or large particles retained until sufficient degradation has occurred?

A

-Large

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12
Q

What is the rate of passage (Kp)

A

-amount of liquid and particulates that flow out of the rumen per unit time
-typically expressed as a percentage 8%/h

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13
Q

What type of microbe diversity is in the rumen?

A

-Bacteria
-Protozoa
-Fungi

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14
Q

Characteristics of rumen bacteria

A

-digestion and fermentation of feed
-10^10 -10^11 / mL bacteria
-0.3-50 um

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15
Q

Characteristics of rumen protoza

A

-slow rate of pH decline
-majority are ciliated, but some flagellates
-contribute to fermentation
-predators of bacteria

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16
Q

What is rumen protozoa estimated to be comprised of?

A

-40% of microbial N
-60% of fermentation products

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17
Q

How does rumen protozoa contribute to fermentation?

A

-starch
-sugars
-pectin
-hemicellulose

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18
Q

Why are rumen protozoa predators of bacteria?

A

bacteria consumed for protein

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19
Q

Characteristics of rumen Fungi

A

-attachment site for bacteria
-10^2 - 10^4 / mL fungal zoospores

20
Q

Classification of rumen bacteria by substrate:
cellulolytic, Hemicellulolytic and Pectinolytic, Amylolytic, Proteolytic, Ammonia producing, Lipolytic, Intermediate acid utilizers, and Simple sugar users

A

-cellulolytic = cellulose
-Hemicellulolytic and Pectinolytic = hemicellulose and pectin
-Amylolytic = starch
-Proteolytic = proteins
-Ammonia producing = amino acid deaminators
-Lipolytic = lipase producers
-Intermediate acid utilizers = lactate, succinate, formate
-Simple sugar users

21
Q

Characteristics of anaerobic fungi

A

-attach to and found within plant fragments
-contribute to the degradation of cellulose and other polysaccharides

22
Q

What makes up microbial interdependence?

A

-Intermediate cross feeding
-VFA requirements
-Interspecies hydrogen transfer

23
Q

What is intermediate cross feeding?

A

-Intermediates being metabolites produced through cell processes
-sharing of intermediates between species
-end products of one become the substrate of another

24
Q

Explain how B. succinogenes and S. ruminantium is an examples of intermediate cross feeding?

A

-Selenomonas ruminantium cannot use cellulose, but Bacteroides succinogenes does
-B. succinogenes produces succinate and S. ruminantium can use the produce succinate

25
Q

Explain how lactate and Megashaera is an examples of intermediate cross feeding?

A

-lactate production, sometimes associated with starch feeding, can be used by Megashaera elsdenii to produce propionate

26
Q

What can rumen bacteria not use?

A

-cellulose

27
Q

What are VFA requirements in microbial interdependence?

A

-Sharing some VFA among non-cellulolytic and cellulolytic bacteria
-production of branched chain VFA like n-valeric or 2-methbutyric acids from deamination of branched chain amino acids by non-cellulolytic bacteria
-provides carbon skeletons

28
Q

What does providing carbon skeletons do?

A

-for synthesis of amino acids
-also for synthesis of microbial fatty acids with branched or odd numbered chains
-found in the cell membranes of bacteria

29
Q

What is interspecies hydrogen transfer relating to microbial interdependence?

A

-in the rumen there are H2 producing and H2 utilizing species
-much of the H2 is used to produce methane (CH4) from CO2
-Transfer of H2 to methane producers encourages more H2 production
-H2 producing pathways are associated with greater energy production

30
Q

What does higher ATP yield by bacteria support?

A

-more bacterial growth
-more microbial protein production

31
Q

What are the substrates of fermentation?

A

-Not lipids: hydrolyzed to free fatty acids and glycerol backbones, but not fermented in appreciable quantities
-some protein/amino acids utilization
-carbohydrates: structural and non-structural

32
Q

Characteristics of carbohydrate substrates of fermentation

A

-several sugars are found in hemicellulose
-sugars: in feed or produced by polysaccharides hydrolysis
-starch
-pectin: early structural polysaccharides of developing plant cell walls

33
Q

How does variable fermentation rates work?

A

-soluble CHO fermented first: sugars, some starch
-pectin next
-structural CHO, cellulose last
-easier to attack or hydrolyze substrates earlier and faster than harder to attack substrates

34
Q

What does fermentation always follow?

A

Hydrolysis

35
Q

What is pyruvate converted through a pathway?

A

VFA

36
Q

What occurs in acetate production?

A

-pyruvate is first converted to acetyl-CoA
-Acetyl-CoA can then be converted to acetate propionate production

37
Q

What are the three main pathways for propionate production?

A

-succinate pathway
-acrylate pathway
-propanediol pathway

38
Q

What occurs on the butyrate production?

A

-butyrate is typically produced from butyryl-CoA which is derived from two molecules of acetyl-CoA

39
Q

Examples of short chain fatty acids

A

-butyrate
-propionate
-acetate

40
Q

What does 2 hexose produce?

A

-2 butyrate
-4 H2
-4 CO2

41
Q

What does 3 hexose produce?

A

-4 propionate
-2 acetate
2 CO2
-2 H2O

42
Q

What does Hexose + 2 H2O produce?

A

-2 acetate
-4 H2
-2 CO2

43
Q

What is the molar ratio?

A

-acetate: propionate: butyrate
-70:20:10 (60:30:8)

44
Q

What does hydrogen and carbon dioxide production do?

A

-Hydrogen inhibits higher energy yielding pathways
(hydrogen transfer)

45
Q

What does hexose produce from methane?

A

-2 acetate
-CO2
-CH4

46
Q

What does acetate from CO2 produce? (4 H2 +2 CO2)

A

-1 acetate
-2 H2O

47
Q

What does hexose from acetate from CO2 produce?

A

3 acetate

Animal Nutrition (22 decks)

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