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Feedstuff 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is feedstuff?

A

-raw material that make up feed

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2
Q

What affects feedstuff acceptability for diet inclusion?

A

-Cost
-Acceptability to the animals
-Digestibility or bioavailability of nutrients
-Nutrient content
-Presence of toxins or anti-nutritional factors
-Ability to handle or feed

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3
Q

What does acceptability to the animal mean?

A

-Palatability

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4
Q

How does cost affect feedstuff acceptability for diet inclusion?

A

-Many feedstuffs fed to animals are not edible by humans or exceed human needs

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5
Q

What are the board categories of feedstuff?

A

-Forages
-Concentrates
-Byproducts
-Supplements
-Non-nutritive feed additives

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6
Q

What does forages intel?

A

-dry and high moisture
-Roughages

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7
Q

What are roughages?

A

-Roughages and forages can be used interchangeable
-but some people use roughage as a more defined forage
-bulkier, lower digestibility forages

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8
Q

What do concentrates intel?

A

-Energy
-Protein

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9
Q

Can byproducts be seen as their own category?

A

-yes and no
-can also be seen as concentrates
-example is citrus pulp is from oranges and can be given to animals and can be seen as a byproduct and concentrate

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10
Q

What do supplements intel? when do you add supplements?

A

-Vitamins
-Minerals
-might have to add supplements if ingredients don’t provide all vitamins and minerals

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11
Q

What do non-nutritive feed additives intel?

A

-add something to the diet like flavor (advance palatability) or preservatives

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12
Q

What are feedstuffs from plants

A

-Forages are plant feedstuffs
-Most feedstuffs are derived from plants
-Plant photosynthesize
-Plants can synthesize amino acids from inorganic N

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13
Q

What does plant photosynthesis intel?

A

-Plants can combine CO2 and H2O to produce sugars and O2
-Sugars are energy for the plant to produce other nutrients

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14
Q

What are the parts of a plant?

A

-leaves
-stems
-fruit
-roots and flowers

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15
Q

What do leaves intel?

A

-more nutritious
-higher in non-structural carbohydrates and protein
-lower in structural carbohydrates

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16
Q

What do stems intel?

A

-less nutritious
-high structural carbohydrates
-fiber

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17
Q

What does fruit intel?

A

-cereal grain
-rich in starch and oilseeds
-rich in fat and protein

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18
Q

What do roots and flowers intel?

A

-generally unimportant as feeds except in a few cases

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19
Q

Why are knowing the different plant parts important?

A

-each part of the plant has different digestibility

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20
Q

What are forages derived from?

A

Leaves and stems

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21
Q

What concentrate is from fruit?

A

Seeds

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22
Q

What does forage include?

A

-whole plant or most of the plant feedstuffs

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23
Q

What are characteristics of forage?

A

-Bulky: low weight per volume
-Variable in physical and chemical composition
-Higher fiber content and lower nutrient density than concentrates

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24
Q

Who are forages primarily fed to?

A

-Herbivores

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25
What are expectations to forage characteristics?
-Corn silage is high in fiber but the grain content increases nutrient density -lush forages have high fiber but higher digestibility because immature
26
What is in corn silage?
-All of the corn plant
27
What does fiber include?
-cellulose -but also other structural carbohydrates
28
What does fiber digestibility influence?
-influences the availability of energy from structural carbohydrates
29
What is Lignin?
-structural, indigestible fiber component -composed on phenolic compounds -covalently bound to hemicellulose
30
What is the relationship between lignin and digestibility?
-Lignin content is inversely related to digestibility of the energy from fiber -lignin limits fiber digestibility: probably physically (blocking access) -Lignin increases with plant maturity: it links increasing maturity and decreasing digestibility
31
Do legumes loss fiber with maturity as fast as grasses?
No, grasses loss fiber faster with maturity
32
What happens as plants mature?
-the mass they produce increases -more growth is more yield, more feed -lignin increases in their tissues
33
What do you have to balance when harvesting plants?
-increasing lignin content (decreasing digestibility) with increasing yield from the plant growing larger
34
What is nutrient value composite of?
-Nutrient density -Digestibility
35
What is nutrient density?
content of nutrients per weight
36
What is digestibility?
-ability of animal to digest and absorb nutrients
37
What factors affect nutritive value?
-Maturity (Growth stage) -Leaf : stem ratio -Species and cultivars
38
How does maturity affect nutritive value?
-increasing plant maturity decreases nutritive value
39
How does the leaf : stem ratio affect nutritive value?
-more leaves are desirable because of increases nutrient density and less structural carbohydrates (fiber)
40
How does species and cultivar affect nutritive value?
-Example: legume and grass leaves and stems -alfalfa leaves maintain digestibility through maturity while grass leaves continue to decline -stems of some grasses remain more digestible with maturity compared to others -timothy and brome stems remain more digestible than orchard grass with increasing maturity
41
Are forages and roughages used interchangeably?
Mostly, roughages sometimes more specific to high fiber by-product feeds - straws, corncobs, soybean haul
42
What animals are forages and roughages the primary feed for?
-Herbivores -including: ruminants and horses that ferment structure carbohydrates
43
What are the different types of forages and roughages?
-Fresh vs harvested and stored -Pasture vs hay and silages
44
What do forages include? quality?
-the cell wall of the plant unlike the seeds that concentrates are sometimes derived from -wide range of quality across forages depending on type, maturity
45
What are the forage plant types?
-Native vs cultivated species -Grasses -Legumes -Forbs -Browse
46
What is native vs cultivated forage?
-cultivated species have been selected for productivity and quality
47
What are the types of grass forages?
-Cool season: best growth in spring and fall -Warm season: most active in early summer
48
What are examples of forbs forages?
-broadleaf -non-woody plants -dandelion
49
What are examples of browse forages?
-woody plants consumed by some ruminants (deer or antelope)
50
What are the types of cultivated forage plant classifications?
-Grasses -Legumes
51
What is the classification of grasses for cultivated forage plants?
-long narrow leaves on round stems -seeds are rich in starch -includes cereals like corn, wheat, oats, rye, rice
52
What is the classification of legumes for cultivated forage plants?
-Able to fix atmospheric N2 using bacteria in root nodules -leaves often trifoliate: in threes -includes clovers, alfalfa, peas, beans, vetches
53
What are the type of pasture and grazed forage grasses?
-cool vs warm season grasses: cool season grasses tend to mature slower than warm season -Palatability: lush, young grass very palatable, but palatability decline with maturity
54
How does cool vs warm season grasses affect quality?
-cool season usually better quality -warm season grass grow when cool season grass is not growing -warm season grows quicker, but lower quality
55
What are examples of cool season grasses?
-Perennial ryegrass -Italian ryegrass -Orchard grass -tall fescue -brome grass
56
What are examples of warm season grasses?
-Bermuda grass -Sudan grass -elephant grass (tropical) -kikuyu grass -pangola -panicgrass
57
How are cereal grains as grazed forages? when grow?
-when young and vegetative, cereal grains can be grazed: wheat pasture, cereal rye, and barely
58
When do cereal grains grow when used as grazed forages? who used for?
-Grow in late winter and early spring: limited growth in perennial grasses -beef pastures in south and southwest
59
How are legumes as pasture and grazed forage?
-cultivated legumes are most common -alfalfa is most common cultivated legume for many purposes including high yield, persistent, palatable -high quality
60
What are some examples of legumes?
-Clovers -lespedeza -Vetches -Bridsfoot trefoil
61
Legumes Characteristics
-Higher protein than grasses: especially with increasing maturity -High concentrations of Ca, Mg, S -lower fiber -
62
Why can too many clovers and alfalfa cause bloat in grazed cattle?
-layer of foam in rumen that traps gas -frothy fermentation and trapped rumen gas -suffocation if not relieved
63
What is native pastures and range?
-uncultivated native forages: areas where soil, environment, topography prevent cultivation -very diverse range of plants: grasses, sedges, forbs, browse -Highly variable nutrient composition of plants -seasonal effects on quality and availability

Animal Nutrition (22 decks)

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