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Dairy Nutrition Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What are the stages of life for a dairy cow?

A

-Newborn calf (0-60 days)
-Growing Heifer (2-13 months)
-Breeding Heifers (13-15 months)
-Pregnant Heifers (14-23 months)
-Lactating Cow (>23 months)

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2
Q

When would you start breeding a heifr?

A

-Start breeding a heifer when she is the proper size

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3
Q

What does DIM stand for?

A

Days in Milk

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4
Q

What does ECD stand for?

A

expected calving date

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5
Q

What are the stages of a lactating cow?

A

-Fresh cow (0-21 DIM)
-Early lactation (21 to 150 DIM)
-Late lactation (151 to ~305 DIM)
-Dry cow / Far off (45-60 days ECD)
-Dry cow / Close up (21 days to ECD)

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6
Q

When is a cow a transition cow?

A

Between being a dry cow/close up and a fresh cow

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7
Q

What is a fresh cow?

A

-First 3 weeks of lactating

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8
Q

Does an early or late lactation cow new higher requiements?

A

Eary lactation cow

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9
Q

In what stage does a cow get bred again?

A

-Early Lactation
-around day 70

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10
Q

In what stage does milk production decrease?

A

-Late lactation

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11
Q

In what stage should a cow be pregnant again?

A

-Late lactation

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12
Q

What is a dry cow?

A

-not producing milk
-2 months off

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13
Q

What does close up mean?

A

Within three weeks of calving

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14
Q

By what day should a cow get pregnant?

A

Day 117

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15
Q

How low do cows gestate for?

A

283 Days

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16
Q

What days should a cow be in estrus?

A

-Day 75
-Day 96
-Day 117

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17
Q

What day should a cow be calving?

A

Day 400

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18
Q

Between day 10-21 during lactation what is milk production doing?

A

rapidly increasing

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19
Q

Between day 21-150 during lactation what is milk production doing?

A

-increase to peak milk production
-Then slowly decrease

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20
Q

Between day 150-440 during lactation what is milk production doing?

A

-decreasing till around day 400
-Around day 400 milk production increases

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21
Q

During what days of lactation do requirements rapidly increase?

A

day 21-150

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22
Q

What are the nutrient classifications?

A

-Dry Matter
-H2O

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23
Q

What categories make up dry matter?

A

-Ash
-Organic matter

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24
Q

What makes up ash?

A

Minerals and some vitamins

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25
What categories make up organic matter?
-Crude protein -Ether extract (EE) -NDF -NFC
26
What does NDF stand for?
Neutral Detergent Fiber
27
What makes up NDF?
-Hemicellulose -Cellulose -Lignin
28
What does NFC stand for?
Non-fiber Carbohydrates
29
What makes up NFC?
-Pectin -Sugars -Starch/Fructans -Organic Acids
30
Is lignin a carbohydrate?
No
31
What is pectin? is it fermented? where? what does it act as?
-structural carbohydrate (part of the cell wall) -Rapid fermentability in the rumen -nutritionally, it behaves as a sugar
32
Is NFC highly fermentable and digestible?
Yes
33
When should newborn calves get colostrum? how much? what is in colostrum?
-within 6 hours of life -should get 1 gallon; average 2 quarts, but depends on calf size -get passive immunity (immunoglobulins)
34
Why should calves get colostrum within 6 hours of life?
-Tigh junctions start to tighten up after 24 hours
35
What is specific to calves?
esophageal groove
36
What are pre-weaned calves feed?
-Whole milk (saleable milk) -Milk Replacers -Waste milk
37
Why is feeding whole milk not a great option?
-The nutrients is not stable
38
What is milk replacer made up of?
-28:20 milk replacer: 28% crude protein and 20% fat, DM basis -20:20 milk replacer: 20% crude protein and 20% fat, DM basis
39
What is waste milk?
Come from animals who were sick/ animals that got antibiotics
40
What is pre-weaned calves the transition between? what are the transitions?
-Feed types -from milk/milk replacers > starter > hay > grower > TMR
41
How long are calves on milk/milk replacer?
-day 1-56
42
How long are calves on starter? what is started made of? form?
-day 7-70 ->20% crude protein -pellet
43
How long are calves on hay? Is the hay good or bad quality?
-day 57-84 -good quality
44
How long are claves on grower feed? what is it made up of?
-day 71-84+ -16-18% crude protein
45
How long are claves on TMR? what is TMR?
->84 days -Total mix ration
46
Are replacement heifers a small or large expense of resources?
Large
47
What does the diet of a replacement heifer look like?
-relatively low energy and protein requirements -generally high forage diets (>50%) -grazing
48
What is manipulate in a replacement heifers diet? why?
-dietary energy -to target different ADG
49
Why are replacement heifers feed cheap, grain, and cheap overall diet?
Bc the producer is putting in money, but not yet receiving product
50
What is a good ADG for a replacement heifer?
1.75lb -2lb
51
Characteristics of a Fresh Cow
-Low DIM <38% NFC (avoid acidosis)
52
What type of diet is a fresh cow fed? what are you feeding to improve?
-Transition diet, more concentrated -still feeding to improve DIM and reduce incidences of metabolic disorders
53
What does the diet for Early Lactation look like?
-High quality forage -28-30% NDF ~40% NFC (avoid acidosis) -supplement fat: extra energy -most efficient use of additives -feeding the most, high quality and easy digestible
54
Early lactation also know as...
"Full power"
55
Characteristics of Late Lactation
-Persistency: steady slow decline of milk over the days -decrease DIM and MY -Recovering body reserves: manage BCS -production decrease
56
What does a Late Lactation diet look like?
-Less efficient use of expensive feed additives -increase forage (30-35% NDF) -Decrease concentrate (< or equal to 16% crude protein) -lower quality forages
57
What type of energy balance does a late lactation cow have?
-negative -mobilizing body fat
58
What does the diet of a dry cow: far off (60-45 days ECD) look like?
-"slow down diet" -high forage -little concentrate -lower energy -lower quality forage -grazing
59
What diet is dry cow: far off similar to?
Replacement heifers
60
What is a dry cow: close up (21 days ECD) intermediate of?
Of a far-off cow and lactating cows
61
What type of diet does a dry cow: close up have? what does it do?
Transition diet -improve DIM and reduce incidences of metabolic disorders
62
What do you have to make sure for an animal to eat a feed?
Make sure its palatable
63
What is the transition period?
The 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving
64
Who are at most risk of a metabolic disease?
Transition cows
65
What are the 3 greatest most common risk of metabolic disease?
-hypocalcemia -ketosis and fatty liver -acidosis
66
What are 3 more risks of metabolic disease that can be secondary of the first three?
-Laminitis -Displaced abomasum -retained placenta
67
What is Hypocalcemia?
-Also know as "milk fever" -sudden and drastic decease in serum (Ca) following the onset of lactation, "downed cow" -low Ca
68
What is a downed cow?
-laying down, not getting up -risk of death -not producing
69
What can hypocalcemia impact?
-health -future lower milk production -decrease reproductive performance -gateway to other post-partum metabolic diseases
70
How can you prevent hypocalcemia?
-preparing for Ca mobilization during dry periods -low calcium diets during dry periods -low potassium diets during dry periods (avoid alfalfa) -Anionic salts: close up diets (DCAD 100-200 mEq/kg), increase salts and ions -calcium bolus after calving
71
What is ketosis and fatty liver (symptoms)?
-Build up of fat in the liver -nutrient partitioning and fat mobilization -Low blood glucose -excess ketone bodies -weight loss -depressed milk production -lethargy
72
What is ketosis and fatty liver caused by?
-Negative energy balance (NEB) -naturally reduced DIM -Late fetal development uses ~46% maternal glucose -onset of lactation (lactose)
73
How can you prevent ketosis and fatty liver?
-Prevention is dependent on maintaining good BCS -feed palatable and nutritious to maintain DIM -Management is also a key factor
74
What is Acidosis?
Excess production and accumulation of acids in the rumen (low rumen pH)
75
What is acidosis caused by?
-low NDF -High NFC and digestible starch: fermented to fast and now build up of VFAs
76
What might acidosis seem like?
-milk fat depression -reduced efficiency -liquidly manure -laminitis and hoof problems
77
How is acidosis treated?
-more NDF and peNDF
78
What is used to prevent acidosis?
-buffers are typically included in the diets of lactating cows
79
How do we decide what to feed cows?
-locality -seasonality -economics -land-use -quality -availability

Animal Nutrition (22 decks)

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