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Animal Nutrition > Vitamins and Minerals 1&2 > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals 1&2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are vitamins and minerals considered essential nutrients for animals?

A

-they need to eat them because the can’t make them
-have to be acquired in the diet

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2
Q

How are minerals classified?

A

-macro minerals
-trace minerals
~classify by abundance

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3
Q

What are trace minerals?

A

-present in concentration of <100mg/kg or 100 ppm (0.01%)
-sparing

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4
Q

What are macro minerals?

A

-present at concentrations greater than 100 ppm (>0,01%)
-some thousands if times higher
-abundant

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5
Q

What is ash?

A

-minerals components of the body

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6
Q

Exampled of macro minerals

A

-Calcium
-Phosphorus
-Magnesium (present in all cells and needs ATP)
-Sulfur (found in amino acids
-Sodium
-Chlorine
-Potassium
~last three are electrolytes for all body functions

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7
Q

Examples of Trace minerals

A

-Cobalt (help functions of vitamins)
-Copper (move electrons; part of protein)
-Iodine
-Iron (move electrons, part of protein)
-Manganese
-Selenium
-Zinc
-Molybdenum

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8
Q

What do trace minerals do?

A

-help with important things in the body just not in abundant concentrations

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9
Q

What are minerals?

A

-inorganic ions found in the body
-about 4% of the body in humans (varies in animals)

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10
Q

What are the functions of minerlas?

A

-most of the essential minerals have some role in an enzyme reaction and many in more than 1
-part of metalloenzymes in digestion
-acid-base and water balance (NA, K, Cl)
-some are important for structures: Ca & P on bone or S on ceratin

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11
Q

What are some minerals with unique functions?

A

-Fe in hemoglobin give ability to carry blood
-Co in vitamin B12
-I in thyroid hormones

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12
Q

Do birds have a lower proportion of minerals?

A

NO, they have a higher proportion of minerals bc of they way they get rid of waste

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13
Q

Where can metal ions be found?

A

-in the small intestine on the brush boarder membrane

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14
Q

What are mineral requirements affected by?

A

-physiological state
-level of production
-interactions with other minerals
-tissue storage
-the form feed-digestibility or availability

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15
Q

What is it called when an animal is below its mineral optimal range? above optimal range?

A

-below is a deficiency
-above is an excess and can lead to a toxicity

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16
Q

What can determine the mineral content of feeds produced?

A

-minerals in soil

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17
Q

How long can deficiency and toxicity symptoms take to develop?

A

-extended period of time: months

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18
Q

Are absorption of minerals affected by the present of other minerals?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Where do most minerals come from?

A

Plants

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20
Q

What do fields with a lot of minerals have?

A

-high potassium

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21
Q

What are vitamins?

A

-organic compounds required in small amounts for normal functions

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22
Q

What makes vitamins difficult to classify?

A

-They are chemically and biologically diverse
-not fuels like glucose/fatty acids
-not structural like amino acids/Ca/P

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23
Q

What do vitamin generally act as?

A

facilitators or catalysts for metabolism of other nutrients

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24
Q

How are vitamins classified?

A

According to solubility and digestion
-Fat soluble
- Water soluble

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25
What are vitamins important for?
linking steps together
26
Examples of fat soluble vitamin
-Vitamin A (eye/vision) -Vitamin D (get from sun, helps with absorption calcium, and acts as a hormone) -Vitamin E (antioxidant) -Vitamin K (important for clotting factors)
27
Where can fat soluble vitamins be found?
in mix micelles
28
Examples of water soluble vitamins
-B1 Thiamin -B2 Riboflavin -B3 Niacin or nicotinamide -B6 pyridoxine Pantothenic acid
29
Other examples of water soluble vitamins
-Biotin -Folic acid -Choline (important to phospholipids) -B12 cyanocobalamin -C ascorbic acid
30
What are essential cofactors in reactions?
B vitamins
31
Are all vitamin metabolically essential and required in the diet?
-All vitamins are metabolically essential -BUT not all are necessarily required in the diet depending on the diet and vitamin
32
What vitamin do most mammals synthesize? what are the excpetions?
-Vitamin C -Except: humans, primates, guinea pigs, bats, and some fish and bird species
33
What vitamin do no mammals synthesize? who produces it?
-Vitamin B -rumen bacteria can produce vitamin B so ruminants have a source other than the diet
34
What is a provitamin? example?
-Some compounds are vitamins only after conversion through chemical change -beta-carotene to vitamin A
35
Why do some minerals require vitamins for proper absorption?examples?
-vitamin D helps absorb calcium, Vit D stimulates uptake of minerals -Vitamin C helps bioavailability of iron absorption
36
What is the relationship between vitamin D and calcium?
-support for absorption -regulation of calcium levels
37
What is the relationship between vitamin E and selenium?
-vitamin E and selenium are both antioxidants preventing oxidative damage in cells -synergism in function
38
What is the relationship between iron and copper?
-included as electron carries in enzymes -metals for proteins and enzymes functions
39
What is the relationship between vitamin B12 and cobalt?
-cobalt integral to vitamin B12 -components
40
Where are most Ca and P found in the body?
-in the skeleton -99% of Ca in skeleton -80% of P in skeleton
41
How is Ca and P in bone primarily found?
-hydroxyapatite -Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 -some is free and ionized in circulation -some associated/bond to proteins or lipids (phospholipids)
42
What tissues are Ca and P found in?
-Ca is found in muscle and nerve cells -P found in molecules like DNA and RNA, liquids, found in virtually all cells
43
What dietary ratio is needed for an most animal diets?
-1:1 or 2:1 (Ca:P) -animals that lay eggs need a higher ratio
44
What are some examples of a deficiency of Ca and P?
-Rickets -osteocalcin -Milk "fever"
45
What is rickets? and who does it happen to?
-misshapen bones -lameness -young animals
46
What is osteocalcin? and who does it happen to?
-brittle bones -older animals
47
What is Milk "fever"? and who does it happen to?
-periparturient paresis: inability to stand at parturition -insufficient calcium for the body due to sudden demand for milk production -can't contract muscles to stand -cows
48
What is the formula for Ca and P balance in the body?
-balance = dietary intake - outputs -outputs include fecal, urine, and production (milk)
49
How is Ca metabolic regulated?
-controlled to maintain a relative consistent level in plasma -bone is dynamic: continuous turnover and remodeling -Plasma Ca and P are regulated by hormones
50
What can affect hormones controlling bone metabolism and Ca absorption?
-dietary factors that affect circulating Ca
51
Is P metabolism related to calcium?
Yes, because of tie to bone
52
What is the relationship between Ca and P in bone?
-If Ca is incorporated into bone P is incorporated -If Ca is resorbed from bone, P is resorbed
53
When is calcitonin released?
-when plasma Ca increases -when more Ca is in the body than needed
54
What is calcitonin produced by?
-the thyroid gland -c cells produce calcitonin
55
What does Calcitonin do?
-reduces plasma calcium 2 ways ~decreases reabsorption of Ca in kidneys and more output of Ca in urine ~inhibits bone osteoclasts
56
What happens when calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts?
-reduces breakdown of bone -reduce release of Ca
57
When is the parathyroid hormone released?
-when plasma Ca concentration are low
58
What is parathyroid hormone produced by?
-parathyroid gland
59
What does parathyroid hormone do?
-increases plasma Ca by: ~stimulating production of active Vitamin D ~Stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone Ca ~promotes Ca reabsorption in kidneys
60
What does stimulation of vitamin D from parathyroid hormone do?
-increases Ca absorption from intestine
61
What does promoting Ca reabsorption in kidneys do?
-reduces urinary loss of Ca ~less Ca in urine
62
What are the two major forms of Vitamin D?
-D2 -D3
63
What is the plant source of Vitamin D?
Ergosterol
64
What is the animal source of Vitamin D?
7-dehygrocholesterol
65
What conversions are triggered by UV light?
-Ergosterol to Vitamin D2 -7-dehydrocholesterol to Vitamin D3
66
What is another name for Vitamin D2? and were is it found?
-ergocalciferol -in plants
67
What is another name for Vitamin D3? and where is it found?
-cholecalciferol -in animals -birds rely on Vitamin D3
68
Can vitamins regulate Ca and P?
Yes
69
What does the activation of Vitamin D in the liver involve?
-hydroxylation in the liver -main circulating form -25 hydroxy D3 -no direct action of this form
70
What does the activation of Vitamin D in the kidney involve?
-hydroxylation in the kidney -1,25 dihydroxy D3 or 24,25 dihydroxy D3 -carried to target tissue via blood: endocrine hormone -act directly on target tissue (hormone response)
71
How does Vitamin D Activation work?
-D3 from diet go into liver or kidney -OH added (hydronation) by enzyme (liver: hydroxylate) -get 1,25
72
Vitamin D Activation process (long)
-7-dehydrocholesterol interacts with UV in skin and produces vitamin D3 -D3 can also come from diet, 25-Ohase interacts with D3 in liver and produces 25(OH)D3 -1-alpha-OHase interacts with 25(OH)D3 in the kidney or placenta and produces 1,25(OH)2D3 -1,25(OH)2D3 goes to target tissues and a biological response happens
73
What is our active form of Vitamin D?
1,25 dihydroxy
74
What are the functions of Vitamin D?
-raise plasma Ca and P levels to support normal bone mineralization -stimulates reabsorption of Ca and P from kidney
75
What is the function of the active form of Vitamin D?
Transport of Ca and P across the intestine epithelium
76
What disease did ruminates get from grazing where there was a Cobalt deficiency in plants and soil?
Wasting disease
77
Where is Co deficiency localized?
-It is highly localized in parts of the Midwest and east especially Florida and coastal Carolinas.
78
What causes wasting disease?
Cobalt deficiency
79
What was found to relieve the wasting disease?
-feeding cobalt -injecting B12
80
What does vitamin B12 contain?
Cobalt
81
Why did injecting cobalt not relieve the wasting disease?
-Cobalt needed to be affected by the rumen first -animal cannot use cobalt, has to be converted
82
What is another name for vitamin B12?
cobalamin
83
What are sources of B12?
-microbial synthesis (rumen bacteria) -animal tissue
84
Can ruminants be fed Co and receive adequate B12?
Yes
85
What was B12 originally called? why?-
-animal protein factor -bc animals fed diets not containing animal protein had blood and neurological disorders
86
How can a B12 deficiency be delt with?
-B12 supplements -coprophagy (eating of feces; rabbits)
87
What are the metabolic functions of B12?
-production of deoxyribonucleotides: needed for DNA synthesis -propionate metabolism in ruminants
88
What is propionate metabolism in ruminants?
-propionate is a short-chain (volatile) fatty acid product of carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen -propionate is the major gluconeogenic substrate of ruminants
89
Physiological reason for Ruminant wasting disease?
-B12 is needed for conversion of methyl malonyl CoA to succinyl Coa in gluconeogenesis (part of progression for converting propynyl-CoA back to glucose) -without the progression of propionate to glucose through gluconeogenesis, animals were starved for glucose

Animal Nutrition (22 decks)

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