Assignment Diabetes AI generated Flashcards
Describe the Hyperinsulin Euglycemic Glucose Clamp method.
It is a clinical approach where glucose is controlled by insulin. Relatively low levels of insulin are infused, and glucose uptake in the muscle is monitored while gluconeogenesis is suppressed.
What are surrogate markers used to measure insulin resistance in large studies?
HOMA IR and fasting insulin are commonly used as surrogate markers to measure insulin resistance.
Define the golden standard method to measure insulin sensitivity/resistance.
The clamping method is considered the golden standard for measuring insulin sensitivity/resistance in vivo in humans.
How is insulin resistance measured on the tissue level in the skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue?
Insulin resistance can be measured in the skeletal muscle (glucose disposal), liver (suppression of hepatic glucose output), and adipose tissue (suppression of lipolysis) on the tissue level.
What does GIR reflect in the context of measuring insulin sensitivity/resistance?
GIR (glucose infusion rate) reflects the peripheral glucose uptake during the Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Glucose Clamp method.
Describe OGTT (Oral Glucose Testing)
OGTT is a dynamic test that measures peripheral and hepatic insulin action. It mimics physiological conditions and requires more effort than fasting blood sampling.
Define HOMA-IR
HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) is a measure of insulin resistance calculated using fasting insulin and glucose levels.
How is HOMA-IR calculated?
HOMA-IR is calculated using the formula
Do surrogate measures like HOMA reflect insulin sensitivity?
Surrogate measures like HOMA reflect insulin sensitivity, where higher fasting insulin levels indicate lower insulin sensitivity.
Describe the limitations of using HOMA in hyperglycemic individuals
In hyperglycemic individuals, using HOMA for insulin sensitivity assessment is not appropriate as fasting insulin levels may be inaccurate.
How does HOMA-IR indicate insulin resistance?
A higher HOMA-IR value indicates greater insulin resistance, with a value of 1 considered normal and values above 2-3 indicating significant insulin resistance.
What is the significance of HOMA-IR in non-diabetic patients?
HOMA-IR is a useful method for assessing insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients and can be applied in large population studies.
