Lecture 5 AI generated

Question 1

Describe the central issue in diabetes according to the content.

Answer 1

The central issue in diabetes is hyperglycaemia.

Question 2

Define pre-diabetes based on the information provided.

Answer 2

Pre-diabetes is the stage between normal blood glucose levels and diabetes.

Question 3

How can diabetes be diagnosed according to the content?

Answer 3

Diabetes can be diagnosed by measuring the fasting and 2-hour post-prandial glucose concentration.

Question 4

Do genetic and environmental factors play a role in the failures of insulin action and secretion in diabetes?

Answer 4

Yes, genetic and environmental factors play a role in the failures of insulin action and secretion in diabetes.

Question 5

Describe the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation as per the content.

Answer 5

Insulin stimulates peripheral glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and suppresses hepatic glucose output.

Question 6

Define the major type of diabetes mentioned in the content.

Answer 6

The major type of diabetes mentioned is type 2 diabetes.

Question 7

Describe the relationship between fasting glucose levels and cardiovascular diseases according to the content.

Answer 7

Higher fasting glucose levels are associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases.

Question 8

How did Leonard Thompson, the first diabetes patient treated with insulin, receive the insulin according to the content?

Answer 8

Leonard Thompson was treated with insulin derived from a dog’s pancreas.

Question 9

Do people with diabetes deviate from a certain line mentioned in the content?

Answer 9

Yes, people with diabetes deviate from a line while those without diabetes stay on the line.

Question 10

Describe insulin resistance.

Answer 10

Insulin resistance is when an individual becomes less sensitive to insulin, leading to a decreased ability to respond to insulin.

Question 11

What is the role of GLUT4 in glucose uptake?

Answer 11

GLUT4 is responsible for facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells through a process called facilitated diffusion.

Question 12

How does insulin stimulate glucose uptake in cells?

Answer 12

Insulin triggers the translocation of GLUT4 transporters, allowing for the uptake of glucose into cells.

Question 13

Define insulin-independent glucose uptake.

Answer 13

Insulin-independent glucose uptake refers to the process where glucose uptake is stimulated by factors other than insulin, such as exercise.

Question 14

Describe the role of C-peptide in insulin secretion.

Answer 14

Proinsulin contains C-peptide, which is involved in the secretion of insulin, primarily in response to glucose levels but can also be triggered by signals like amino acids.

Question 15

What are some consequences of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues?

Answer 15

Insulin resistance can lead to reduced glucose disposal in peripheral tissues, affecting oxidative and non-oxidative glucose disposal in muscles, increased glucose output in the liver, reduced anti-lipolytic effect in adipose tissue, and impaired suppression of glucagon in the pancreas.

Question 16

How does depolarization contribute to insulin release?

Answer 16

Depolarization causes the opening of Ca2+ channels, leading to the release of insulin in response to increased glucose levels.

Question 17

What is the significance of muscle in postprandial glucose uptake?

Answer 17

Muscle plays a crucial role in postprandial glucose uptake, and impaired glucose uptake in muscles can lead to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

Question 18

Describe the role of insulin resistance in various health conditions like diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.

Answer 18

Insulin resistance is commonly seen in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome, as well as during prolonged fasting, pregnancy, lipodystrophy, peri-operative periods, and certain drug treatments.

Question 19

What are some factors that can cause insulin resistance in the body?

Answer 19

Factors like prolonged fasting, pregnancy, lipodystrophy, surgery, and certain medications can contribute to the development of insulin resistance.

Question 20

Explain the impact of insulin resistance during starvation on glucose utilization in the body.

Answer 20

During starvation, insulin resistance leads to reduced glucose utilization by muscles and liver, ensuring more glucose is available for the brain. This can result in the accumulation of free fatty acids.

Question 21

How does insulin sensitivity change during pregnancy and what implications does it have for energy metabolism?

Answer 21

During pregnancy, there is a decrease in insulin sensitivity, leading to a shift towards using more fats than carbohydrates for energy by the mother, while sparing carbohydrates for the fetus. Maternal insulin resistance can result in gestational diabetes.

Question 22

Define lipodystrophy and its association with insulin resistance.

Answer 22

Lipodystrophy is the partial absence of adipose tissue in certain regions, leading to severe insulin resistance. It can be genetic or caused by autoimmune/inflammatory diseases or certain medications like antiretrovirals.

Question 23

Explain the interplay between genetics and lifestyle in the development of diabetes.

Answer 23

Genes play a role in predisposing individuals to diabetes, but lifestyle factors like diet and exercise can significantly influence the onset and prevention of the disease. Genetics may load the gun, but lifestyle pulls the trigger in diabetes development.

Question 24

How much can the risk of diabetes be reduced through lifestyle modifications according to studies?

Answer 24

Studies suggest that approximately 50% of diabetes cases can be prevented through lifestyle measures, highlighting the significant impact of healthy habits on reducing the risk of developing diabetes.

Question 25

Describe the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.

Answer 25

Insulin resistance and 훽-cell dysfunction contribute to hyperglycemia, with factors like genetics, muscle perfusion, glucagon, and hyperglycemia influencing diabetes risk.

Question 26

What is the role of adipocytes in the development of insulin resistance?

Answer 26

Adipocytes play a role in causing insulin resistance, leading to exhaustion of 훽-cells and eventual diabetes.

Question 27

How does healthy adipose tissue transform into hypertrophic tissue?

Answer 27

Healthy adipose tissue can transform into hypertrophic tissue due to reasons like caloric overload, leading to dysfunctional fat cells and insulin resistance.

Question 28

Define lipotoxicity in the context of adipokines.

Answer 28

Lipotoxicity refers to the release of excessive free fatty acids from adipose tissue, resulting in the accumulation of lipid intermediates in non-adipose tissues, causing cellular dysfunction and death.

Question 29

Explain the role of leptin in obesity and diabetes.

Answer 29

Leptin, a starvation signal, is elevated in obesity and reduces appetite. Leptin resistance is observed in individuals with diabetes.

Question 30

What is the function of adiponectin in the body?

Answer 30

Adiponectin, an adipose tissue hormone, plays a role in adipocyte differentiation, insulin action, and anti-inflammatory processes.

Question 31

How does the size of adipocytes impact the pathophysiology of insulin resistance?

Answer 31

The size of adipocytes is considered an important factor, influencing the secretion of adipokines and attracting macrophages to hypertrophic tissue, leading to inflammation and insulin resistance.

Question 32

Describe the relationship between ectopic lipids and insulin sensitivity in muscle cells.

Answer 32

The lower the amount of lipids in muscle cells, the better the sensitivity of insulin. Accumulation of lipids in muscle cells leads to lower insulin signaling.

Question 33

Explain the impact of intrahepatic lipids (IHL) accumulation on hepatic insulin resistance.

Answer 33

Accumulation of intrahepatic lipids can cause hepatic insulin resistance, decreased insulin clearance, and disrupted lipid metabolism.

Question 34

How does an increased supply of lipids contribute to lipid accumulation in muscle cells?

Answer 34

An increased supply of free fatty acids (FFA) can lead to lipid accumulation in muscle cells. Excess FFA can cause reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and impair mitochondrial function.

Question 35

Define the role of PGC1 in regulating mitochondrial function in muscle tissue.

Answer 35

PGC1 is a regulator of mitochondrial function in muscle cells. Decreased PGC1 expression in individuals at risk of diabetes indicates reduced mitochondrial function.

Question 36

Explain the vicious cycle involving mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance in individuals with diabetes.

Answer 36

Mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated intramyocellular lipids, impaired lipid oxidation, and insulin resistance create a cycle where each factor amplifies the others, contributing to the progression of diabetes.