Lecture 1 AI generated

Question 1

Describe cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its components.

Answer 1

CVD is a collective term for conditions like coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. It shares common phenomena such as insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipemia, hypertension, and vascular dysfunction.

Question 2

Explain the burden of disease related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) globally.

Answer 2

CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide, surpassing cancer. However, in some countries like The Netherlands, CVD mortality rates have decreased due to factors like increased exercise, reduced smoking, and better cholesterol control.

Question 3

Discuss the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus worldwide.

Answer 3

There are approximately 415 million people worldwide living with Diabetes Mellitus, making it a significant health concern globally.

Question 4

Define the concept of incidence in epidemiology.

Answer 4

Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease that develop in a specific population during a defined period of time.

Question 5

Differentiate between prevalence and mortality in epidemiology.

Answer 5

Prevalence represents the total number of individuals with a disease at a particular time, while mortality refers to the number of deaths caused by the disease.

Question 6

Explain the significance of comparing mortality rates between countries.

Answer 6

While mortality rates are commonly used for international comparisons, they may not fully reflect the burden of disease as individuals can suffer from a condition while alive. However, mortality rates provide a standardized measure for comparison.

Question 7

Describe the factors contributing to the decline in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rates in The Netherlands.

Answer 7

The decrease in CVD mortality rates in The Netherlands can be attributed to lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity, reduced smoking rates, and improved cholesterol management through medication.

Question 8

Describe the relationship between in the burden of disease and factors like incidence, mortality, cure, and population ageing.

Answer 8

Changes in the burden of disease are influenced by factors such as incidence, mortality, cure rates, and population ageing.

Question 9

Define the atherothrombotic process and differentiate between a thrombus and an embolus.

Answer 9

The atherothrombotic process involves the formation of blood clots in blood vessels. A thrombus is a clot that forms inside a blood vessel or the heart, while an embolus is a clot that travels through the bloodstream and blocks a narrowed vessel.

Question 10

How does filtered coffee differ from unfiltered coffee in terms of its impact on LDL-cholesterol and protection against diseases?

Answer 10

Filtered coffee does not increase LDL-cholesterol levels like unfiltered coffee does, and it may offer protective effects against certain diseases.

Question 11

Describe the three diseases that make up the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and their characteristics.

Answer 11

The acute coronary syndrome includes unstable angina pectoris (AP), ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), each with distinct characteristics and implications.

Question 12

Explain how a STEMI differs from a NSTEMI in terms of the underlying cause and presentation.

Answer 12

A STEMI is caused by a sudden complete blockage of a coronary artery, visible on an ECG, while a NSTEMI is typically due to a severely narrowed artery that is not completely blocked.

Question 13

Describe the relationship between myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure.

Answer 13

After a myocardial infarction, heart failure often occurs due to the thickened myocardium making it harder to pump blood effectively.

Question 14

Define Ejection Fraction (EF) and how it is calculated.

Answer 14

Ejection Fraction (EF) can be calculated as (SV/EDV) * 100, where SV is the stroke volume and EDV is the end-diastolic volume.

Question 15

What are the two types of heart failure based on ventricular failure, and how do they differ in symptoms?

Answer 15

Left ventricular failure leads to fluid buildup in the lungs causing dyspnea, while right ventricular failure results in fluid accumulation in the body, especially in the legs and abdominal organs.

Question 16

Describe Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) and its symptoms.

Answer 16

PAD involves narrowed arteries, often in the ankles, due to plaque buildup. Symptoms include intermittent claudication, muscle pain, and fatigue caused by lack of oxygen.

Question 17

How is Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) diagnosed through blood pressure measurements?

Answer 17

In PAD diagnosis, blood pressure is measured in the ankle and brachial artery, with initial measurements taken in the arm and then in the leg.

Question 18

Describe the two groups into which thromboembism can be divided.

Answer 18

Arterial (thrombo) embolism occurs in arteries like the coronary artery, leading to myocardial infarction, while venous (thrombo) embolism (VTE) starts in systemic veins and can cause pulmonary embolism.

Question 19

What can cause an ischemic stroke in the brain?

Answer 19

A blocked brain artery can cause an Ischemic stroke, while a thrombus from elsewhere can cause an Embolic stroke, and a ruptured brain vessel can cause a Haemorrhagic stroke.

Question 20

How can a TIA be described?

Answer 20

A TIA is a mini stroke (ischemic or embolic) with symptoms lasting less than 24 hours.

Question 21

Define the risk factors associated with different types of strokes.

Answer 21

High blood pressure, decreased clot formation, high cholesterol, and increased saturated fat intake can respectively cause cerebral haemorrhage, thrombotic stroke, and thrombotic/embolic (ischemic) strokes.

Question 22

What can be observed in a CT scan to identify different conditions related to strokes?

Answer 22

In a CT scan, bleedings can be seen as white areas, while an infarction appears as a dark area, aiding in treatment decisions due to the different causes of strokes.

Question 23

Describe the treatment approach foremorrhage and infarction in the context of cardiovascular diseases.

Answer 23

For haemorrhage, blood pressure reduction medication is administered, while for infarction, aspirin is given to reduce clot formation.

Question 24

Define silent diabetes and explain its impact on the estimation of diabetes prevalence.

Answer 24

Silent diabetes refers to cases where individuals are unaware of having diabetes. It leads to underestimation of diabetes prevalence or incidence.

Question 25

How does gestational diabetes differ from type 2 diabetes, and what are some of its potential complications?

Answer 25

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy, starting between 24 and 28 weeks, and typically resolves after childbirth. It can lead to complications such as hypertension, obstructed labor, and larger babies.

Question 26

Do all forms of cardiovascular diseases respond to dietary changes? Provide examples of CVD conditions that are not sensitive to diet.

Answer 26

Not all forms of CVD are affected by dietary modifications. Conditions like congenital heart disease, vein damage, and heart infections are not typically influenced by diet.

Question 27

Describe the risk factors associated with gestational diabetes and its potential long-term implications for women.

Answer 27

Women with gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in the future. Additionally, they may experience complications during pregnancy and have larger babies.