SPOC week 1 AI generated

Question 1

Describe cardiometabolic diseases.

Answer 1

Cardiometabolic diseases are a group of nutrition-related disorders that are a major cause of mortality globally, affecting both men and women. They include conditions like coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes, often linked to factors such as smoking, unhealthy eating, and lack of exercise.

Question 2

What is the impact of lifestyle on cardiometabolic diseases?

Answer 2

Lifestyle plays a significant role in the development of cardiometabolic diseases, with modern habits contributing to about 80% of these conditions. Unhealthy lifestyle choices can lead to obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

Question 3

Explain the role of DNA in cardiometabolic diseases.

Answer 3

While DNA can influence the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, it explains less than 10% of the overall risk. Lifestyle factors are considered more important than genetic predisposition in the development of these conditions.

Question 4

Define cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

Answer 4

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) encompass a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. Common occurrences include fat buildup in arteries and blood clots, which can impede blood flow and potentially lead to serious complications.

Question 5

Describe coronary heart disease and its progression.

Answer 5

Coronary heart disease is a prevalent type of CVD characterized by high levels of LDL-cholesterol leading to the formation of fatty streaks in artery walls. These streaks can evolve into plaques through a process called atherosclerosis, involving macrophages, inflammation, fibrous tissue, and calcium deposits.

Question 6

What are the consequences of plaque rupture in coronary heart disease?

Answer 6

When a plaque in coronary heart disease ruptures, it can trigger the formation of a blood clot or thrombus, obstructing blood flow in the artery. This reduced oxygen supply to tissues can result in acute coronary syndromes like unstable angina, often accompanied by severe chest pain.

Question 7

Describe congestive failure.

Answer 7

Congest heart failure occurs when heart is too weak or stiff to pump blood effectively throughout the body, leading a condition where the heart cannot meet the body’s demands.

Question 8

Define ischemic stroke.

Answer 8

An ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, caused by a blockage in a blood vessel supplying the brain, often due to a blood clot.

Question 9

How does a hemorrhagic stroke occur?

Answer 9

A hemorrhagic stroke happens when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, typically due to uncontrolled high blood pressure, leading to bleeding in the brain.

Question 10

Do brain cells regenerate after a stroke?

Answer 10

No, brain cells cannot be replaced after a stroke, and if too many brain cells die due to lack of oxygen, it results in permanent damage.

Question 11

Describe peripheral artery disease.

Answer 11

Peripheral artery disease occurs when arteries in the legs become narrowed due to atherosclerosis, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the leg muscles, causing pain during walking.

Question 12

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 12

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels due to issues with the hormone insulin, leading to damage to organs, nerves, and blood vessels if left uncontrolled.

Question 13

Explain type 1 diabetes.

Answer 13

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder or virus-induced condition where the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed, resulting in a lack of insulin production. It typically occurs suddenly in children and teens.

Question 14

How does type 2 diabetes develop?

Answer 14

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the body either does not produce enough insulin or becomes resistant to insulin over time, often influenced by poor diet and lack of exercise.

Question 15

Describe the relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Answer 15

People with obesity are more prone to developing type 2 diabetes, especially those with excess belly fat.

Question 16

Define Gestational Diabetes (DM) and its characteristics.

Answer 16

Gestational Diabetes is high blood glucose during pregnancy, typically starting between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation and often disappearing after childbirth. Risk factors include older age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and non-Caucasian origin.

Question 17

How does diabetes type 2 affect the eyes and feet of individuals?

Answer 17

Diabetes type 2 can lead to microvascular problems in the eyes, potentially causing blindness. It can also result in a diabetic foot due to nerve damage and reduced blood flow in the lower legs.

Question 18

Describe the concept of prevalence in epidemiology.

Answer 18

Prevalence is the number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a specific time. It is calculated by dividing the number of people with the disease by the total population.

Question 19

What is the difference between incidence proportion and incidence rate in epidemiology?

Answer 19

Incidence proportion is the number of new cases in a population divided by the population at risk, while incidence rate includes the dimension of time in the denominator.

Question 20

Define mortality rate and its significance in public health.

Answer 20

Mortality rate is the number of deaths in a population within a specified time period divided by the total population. It is crucial for understanding the impact of fatal events on a community.

Question 21

How is DALY calculated and what does it represent?

Answer 21

DALY, or disability-adjusted life year, combines years of life lost due to a disease with years of healthy life lost. It provides a comprehensive measure of the burden of a specific disease on a population.

Question 22

Describe the relationship between diabetes type 2 and chronic kidney disease.

Answer 22

Diabetes type 2 is closely linked to chronic kidney disease, highlighting the impact of diabetes on renal health.

Question 23

What are the risks associated with Gestational Diabetes for both mothers and babies?

Answer 23

Women with Gestational Diabetes have a higher risk of developing high blood pressure, pre-eclampsia, preterm labor, and diabetes type 2 post-delivery. Babies of GDM mothers tend to be larger in size.

Question 24

Describe how the SCORE risk chart is used by European doctors in predicting cardiovascular disease risk.

Answer 24

The SCORE risk chart predicts the 10-year risk of dying from cardiovascular disease based on factors like age and gender.

Question 25

Define Isolated Systolic Hypertension and its implications for heart health.

Answer 25

Isolated Systolic Hypertension refers to having high systolic blood pressure but normal or low diastolic blood pressure, which is a strong predictor of heart attack and stroke.

Question 26

How does blood cholesterol impact the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke differently?

Answer 26

Cholesterol is a greater risk factor for coronary heart disease than for stroke. High levels of LDL cholesterol can lead to plaque formation and atherosclerosis.

Question 27

Describe the development of cardiometabolic diseases and their relationship to long-term lifestyle habits.

Answer 27

Cardiometabolic diseases develop over time due to prolonged exposure to unhealthy diet, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors.

Question 28

Explain the significance of blood pressure in cardiovascular risk management.

Answer 28

Blood pressure, especially systolic pressure, is a crucial factor in predicting cardiovascular disease risk. High blood pressure can lead to heart attack and stroke.

Question 29

What is the role of total cholesterol levels in assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 29

Elevated total cholesterol levels, especially LDL cholesterol, increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Treatment may be considered when total cholesterol exceeds certain levels.

Question 30

How do men and women differ in terms of cardiovascular disease risk factors like age and atherosclerosis protection?

Answer 30

Men generally have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease compared to women at every age. Women may be protected from atherosclerosis until menopause due to estrogen.

Question 31

Describe the preclinical phase of cardiometabolic disease.

Answer 31

During the preclinical phase, early abnormalities in organs and regulatory systems start to appear, but they do not yet affect the body’s functioning. Changes can be detected in blood substances like proteins and metabolites, along with biological risk factors slowly increasing.

Question 32

What are some pathophysiological processes that become visible in the path to cardiometabolic disease?

Answer 32

Insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and changes in the arterial wall are some pathophysiological processes that become visible.

Question 33

How can health care professionals intervene during the preclinical phase of cardiometabolic disease?

Answer 33

Health care professionals can detect elevated risk factors through screening and monitoring, and then treat them with medication and lifestyle measures to prevent the progression to clinical phase.

Question 34

Define modifiable risk factors in the context of cardiometabolic disease.

Answer 34

Modifiable risk factors are factors that individuals can change or control, such as smoking, obesity, and dietary habits like low intake of fruits and vegetables.

Question 35

Describe the concept of disease prevention in relation to causal risk factors.

Answer 35

Disease prevention is most effective when interventions target causal risk factors, which are directly linked to the development of the disease. Other risk factors may be related but not part of the causal pathway.

Question 36

What is the double burden of disease in the context of public health?

Answer 36

The double burden of disease refers to the challenge faced by regions dealing with both communicable diseases (like HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria) and non-communicable diseases (such as diabetes and heart disease), leading to a complex public health issue.

Question 37

How does the living environment impact public health in relation to cardiometabolic diseases?

Answer 37

The living environment, which can be obesogenic, plays a significant role in the rise of cardiometabolic diseases. Factors like globalisation and urbanisation contribute to unhealthy lifestyle choices, leading to conditions like obesity and diabetes.

Question 38

Describe the transition from the preclinical phase to the clinical phase of cardiometabolic disease.

Answer 38

In the preclinical phase, risk factors are monitored and treated to prevent disease progression. If risk factors are not controlled, they can lead to events like myocardial infarction or stroke, marking the transition to the clinical phase requiring hospitalisations and specialist care.