Lecture 17 AI generated Flashcards
Describe atherosclerosis and its impact on cardiovascular events.
Atherosclerosis leads to acute plaque rupture or chronic obstruction, resulting in cardiovascular events like myocardial infarction, stroke, and limb ischemia.
What are the manifestations of acute plaque rupture in the brain?
Acute plaque rupture in the brain can lead to ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA).
Define primary prevention in the context of vascular disease treatment.
Primary prevention involves treatment before the disease occurs, focusing on lifestyle changes like smoking cessation, exercise, healthy diet, and weight reduction.
How is metabolic syndrome related to obesity and cardiometabolic diseases?
Metabolic syndrome, often linked to obesity, increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases due to the influence of hormones produced by adipose tissue on inflammation.
Describe the impact of chronic obstruction in the heart due to atherosclerosis.
Chronic obstruction in the heart can lead to conditions like angina pectoris, affecting the blood flow and potentially causing severe complications.
What is the significance of secondary prevention in treating vascular disease?
Secondary prevention involves treatment when the disease is already present, aiming to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve overall outcomes.
Describe the guidelines for physical activity in the treatment of obesity.
The guidelines recommend at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensive physical activity for more than 5 days per week, with more activity being even more beneficial. Physical activity reduces the risk of various health conditions.
What are some methods used in bariatric surgery to reduce weight?
Methods include placing a balloon in the stomach, removing a part of the stomach, removing a part of the small intestine, or a combination of stomach and small intestine removal.
How does physical activity impact the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
Physical exercise is highly effective in reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, with a 58% risk reduction observed with lifestyle changes compared to a placebo.
Define the role of HDL-C in relation to atherosclerosis.
Raising HDL-C levels is protective against atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.
How do statins contribute to managing cholesterol levels?
Statins are commonly used medications to lower cholesterol levels, particularly by reducing LDL-C levels which is crucial in lowering the risk of cardiovascular events.
What are the potential risks and benefits associated with bariatric surgery?
Bariatric surgery can lead to significant weight loss (up to 30%) and reduced mortality risk, but may also result in nutrient absorption issues requiring supplements and necessitates learning new eating habits due to reduced stomach size.
Describe the mechanism of action of statins in relation to cholesterol synthesis and LDL clearance.
Statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver and increase the LDL receptor, leading to more LDL clearance.
How does Ezetimibe work in inhibiting cholesterol absorption?
Ezetimibe inhibits the Nieman pick protein, which in turn inhibits the enteral cholesterol (re)absorption.
Define the role of PCSK9-inhibitors in the context of LDL receptor degradation.
PCSK9-inhibitors are proteins that block the degradation of the LDL receptor, resulting in more LDL receptors and higher LDL clearance.
