Axial Skeleton and Girdles Flashcards
1
Q
made up of the core/centers of the body with functions of protecting and supporting core organs. contains the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, ribs, sternum and vertebrae
A
axial skeleton
2
Q
contains the upper and lower limbs and girdles. associated with attachments for muscles that assist in movement
A
apendicular skeleton
3
Q
vertebrae of the neck
A
cervical vertebrae
4
Q
how many cervical vertebrae?
A
7
5
Q
vertebrae of the chest
A
thoracic vertebrae
6
Q
how many thoracic vertebrae?
A
12
7
Q
vertebrae of the lower back
A
lumbar vertebrae
8
Q
how many lumbar vertebrae?
A
5
9
Q
how many total vertebrae?
A
24
10
Q
how many vertebrae fused in sacrum?
A
5
11
Q
how many vertebrae fused in coccyx
A
4
12
Q
curvature based on fetal development with an anterior c shape
A
primary curvature
13
Q
show primary curvature
A
thoracic and pelvic (sacral) curvature
14
Q
curvature which shows a posterior c shape
A
secondary curvature
15
Q
show secondary curvature
A
cervical curvature and lumbar curvature
16
Q
when is cervical curvature developed
A
when a baby lifts their head
17
Q
when is lumbar curvature developed?
A
when you start to stand
18
Q
which vertebrae have bifid spinus processes?
A
C2-C6
19
Q
name for C1
A
atlas
20
Q
name for C2
A
axis
21
Q
ribs attached directly to the sternum
A
true ribs
22
Q
ribs indirectly attached to the sternum
A
false ribs
23
Q
ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all
A
floating ribs
24
Q
how many true ribs
A
7
25
how many false ribs
3
26
how many floating ribs
2
27
how many ribs total
12
28
belt of bone that completely encircles the body
girdle
29
what girdle is incomplete
pectoral girdle
30
what meets the ilium of the os coxa and the auricular surface?
sacrum
31
what sits in the acetabulum?
the femur
32
what is the pubic symphysis made up of?
fibrocartilage
33
a
pelvic (sacral) curvature
34
b
thoracic curvature
35
a
lumbar curvature
36
b
cervical curvature
37
a
intervertebral foramina
38
b
intervertebral discs
39
a
vertebral arch
40
b
lamina
41
c
pedicles
42
d
vertebral foramina
43
a
spinous process
44
b
body/ centrum
45
c
transverse process
46
a
superior articular facet
47
b
transverse process
48
c
spinous process
49
a
superior articular process
50
b
superior articular facet
51
c
inferior articular facet
52
d
inferior articular process
53
id vertebrae type
cervical vertebrae
54
a
transverse formamina
55
b
bifid spinous process
56
c
costal process
57
a
pedicle
58
b
centrum (body)
59
c
lamina
60
d
superior articular facet
61
id vertebrae
atlas (c1 vertebrae)
62
a
superior articular facet
63
b
superior articular process
64
id vertebrae
axis (c2 vertebrae)
65
a
bifid spinous process
66
b
odontoid process (dens)
67
id vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
68
a
superior demifacets
69
b
inferior demifacets
70
c
transverse costal facet
71
d
transverse process
72
a
atlas
73
b
cervical vertebrae
74
c
thoracic vertebrae
75
d
axis
76
e
vertebral prominens (c7)
77
f
lumbar vertebrae
78
id bone
sacrum
79
a
entrance to sacral canal
80
b
superior articular facet
81
c
superior articular process
82
d
auricular surface
83
e
sacral hiatus
84
a
dorsal sacral formamina
85
b
lateral sacral crest
86
c
median sacral crest
87
a
auricular surface
88
b
dorsal sacral foramina
89
c
superior articular process
90
a
ventral sacral foramina
91
b
sacral promontory
92
id bone
coccyx
93
a
coccygeal cornua
94
a
head
95
b
neck
96
c
tubercle
97
id bone
sternum
98
a
manubrium
99
b
costal cartilage
100
c
body
101
d
xiphoid process
102
a
true ribs
103
b
false ribs
104
c
floating ribs
105
white
ala
106
a
sternal (medial end)
107
b
acrominal (lateral) end
108
a
costal tubercosity
109
b
conoid tubercle
110
id bone
clavicle
111
id bone
scapula
112
a
acromion
113
b
coracoid process
114
c
glenoid cavity
115
d
lateral (axillary) border
116
a
infraspinous fossa
117
b
scapular spine
118
c
supraspinous fossa
119
a
subscapular fossa
120
b
infraglenoid tubercle
121
c
supraglenoid tubercle
122
what sits in the glenoid cavity?
head of the humerous
123
edge of the scapula oriented towards the vertebrae
medial (vertebral) border
124
id bone
os coxa
125
a
pubis
126
b
ischium
127
c
ilium
128
a
acetabulam
129
b
obturator foramen
130
c
ischial tuberosity
131
d
greater sciatic notch
132
a
ischial spine
133
b
lesser sciatic notch
134
c
posterior inferior iliac spine
135
d
posterior superior iliac spine
136
a
anterior gluteal lines
137
b
posterior gluteal lines
138
c
inferior gluteal lines
139
a
anterior inferior iliac spine
140
b
anterior superior iliac spine
141
c
iliac crest
142
d
auricular surface
143
a
pelvic brim
144
b
pelvic inlet
145
a
greater (false) pelvis
146
b
lesser (true) pelvis
147
a
pubic symphysis
148
b
pubic arch
149
abnormal lateral curvature of greater than 10 degrees in the thoracic region. severe cases can compress the lungs and cause difficulty breathing
scoliosis
150
exaggerated thoracic curvature that is most common in aged women
kyphosis
151
possible causes for kyphosis
osteoporosis, osteomalacia, or tuberculosis
152
accentuated lumbar curvature that is common in obese or pregnant individuals
lordosis
153
type of rheumatoid arthritis affecting men where the vertebrae become interconnected by fibrous tissue to the point that they become rigid
ankylosing spondylitis
154
outgrowths on a bone where tendons or ligaments become ossified at their point of connecting bone that may restrict movement
bone spurs
155
hyper-secretion of growth hormone in children causing excessive growth
giantism
156
hyper-secretion of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have closed, causing the hands, feet, and face in particular to become larger
acromegaly
157
nucleus of the intervertebral discs ruptures through the annulus pushing postlaterally on the spinal cord
herniated (slipped) disc
158
surgical removal of the vertebral lamina to reach a herniated disc
laminectomy
159
bacterial infection of the bone/bone marrow. pathogens enter from surrounding tissue infection, through the bloodstream, or from a compact bone fracture
osteomyelitis
160
low bone mass. increated number of osteoclasts. resorption exceeds deposition
osteoporosis
161
treatments for osteoporosis
vitamin d or calcium supplements; biphosphonate drugs
162
excessive bone deposition and resorption. Reduced mineralization. medullary cavity can fill with bone
paget's disease
163
treatments for paget's disease
biphosphonates and calcitonin
164
endochondrial ossification is decreased due to epiphyseal plate abnormalitites that cause short limbs with a normal-sized trunk
achondroplasia
165
adults with inadequate mineralization of bones. calcification does not occur. painful when weight is put on then which can result in paralysis or hydrocephalus in severe cases
osteomalacia
166
caudal portion of the neural tubes does not close completely leaving a portion of the spinal cord exposed through an opening in the back
spina bifida
167
analogous to osteomalacia in children. weakened bowed legs, malfunction of the head a rib cage
rickets
168
precursor to osteoparosis
osteopenia
169
hypo-secretion of growth hormone causes proportionate lack of growth
pituitary dwarfism
170
major supporting ligaments of the spine
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
171
connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae
ligamentum flavum
172
inner sphere of intervertebral discs
nucleus pulposus
173
function of nucleus pulposus
enables spine to absorb compactory stress
174
outer collar of intervertebral discs made of approximately 12 concentric rings
anuluus fibrosus
175
function of anulus fibrousus
limits the expansion of the nucleus pulposus. binds vertebrae and resists tension and torsional strain
176
allows the head to rotate of the neck's axis
axis (c2)
177
structure that separates the true and false pelvis
pelvic brim
178
compare the female pelvis to the male pelvis
wider, shallower, and lighter. more room in the true pelvis
179
changes in upper:lower ratio throughout aging
goes from 1.7:1 to approximately 1:1
180
what type of cartilage are intervertebral discs made of
fibrocartilage
