exam 2 other Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
hypertrophy
A
increase in muscle cell size (not number)
2
Q
covers individual muscle fibers
A
endomysium
3
Q
covers a muscle fascicle
A
perimysium
4
Q
covers the muscle itself
A
epimysium
5
Q
what type of muscle does not have sarcomeres/ myofibrils
A
smooth muscle
6
Q
type of muscle without gap junctions
A
skeletal muscle
7
Q
layer of muscle that blends into tendon
A
epimysium
8
Q
connects periosteum to bone
A
sharpey’s fibers
9
Q
equivalent of cell membrane in muscle
A
sarcolemma
10
Q
superficail fascia between…
A
muscle and skin
11
Q
deep fascia between…
A
muscle and muscle
12
Q
example of parallel fascicle arrangement
A
rectus abdominus
13
Q
dark band
A
a band
14
Q
lighter band
A
i band
15
Q
what does titin attach to
A
z disk and myosin
16
Q
thick filament
A
myosin
17
Q
thin filament
A
actin
18
Q
in i band
A
actin only
19
Q
in a band
A
actin and myosin
20
Q
in h zone
A
myosin only
21
Q
each globular structure of actin
A
g-actin
22
Q
entire actin filament
A
f-actin
23
Q
active site for myosin and ca
A
g-actin
24
Q
active site for atp
A
myosin
25
block the active site for myosin on actin
troponin and tropomyosin
26
without atp, muscles freeze in position
rigor mortis
27
muscular component at nmj
motor end plate
28
neural component at nmj
synaptic end bulb
29
red muscle fibers aka
slow oxidative muscle fibers
30
white muscle fibers aka
fast glycolytic muscle fibers
31
dystrophin within the muscle fiber prevents contraction
muscular dystrophy
32
demyelination of axons in cns prevents nerve impulses from reaching motor unit
multiple sclerosis
33
reduction in ach receptors at motor end plate
myasthenia gravis
34
restricts motor tracts in ventral tract in spinal cord
amyotrphic lateral sclerosis
35
fascicle arrangement of temporalis
bipennate
36
fascicle arrangement of masseter
multipenate
37
depressors of mastication
external pterygoid and lateral pterygoid and digastric
38
elevators of mastication
internal pterygoid and lateral pterygoid
39
connective tissue which coves epimysium and is continuous with the tendon
fascia
40
fascicle arrangement that shortens the most
parallel
41
example of unipenate
digitorum longus (of leg)
42
middle thickened portion of a muscle
belly
43
cytoplasm equivalent of muscle
sarcoplasm
44
neuronal bodies in peripheral nervous system
ganglia
45
neuronal bodies in central nervous system
nuclei
46
afferent associated with
sensory input
47
efferent associated with
motor output
48
gap between two neuronal cells
synapse
49
another name for neuronal body
soma
50
receptive region of neuron
dendrtie
51
most common type of neuron
multipolar neuron
52
equivalent of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons
nissl bodies
53
impulse-generating and conducting region of a neuron
axon
54
type of neurons that are most sensory neurons
unipolar
55
where are bipolar neurons found
retina of the eye/ ear and nose
56
where are most multipolar neurons
interneurons within the cns
57
all of this type of neuron is sensory
bipolar
58
where are anaxonal neurons found
retina of the eye
59
provide myelination in cns
oligodendricytes
60
preferred nutrient source for neurons
lactate
61
provide nutrient support and protection in cns
astrocytes
62
provide nutrient support and protection in pns
satellite cells
63
provide myelination in pns
schwann cells
64
most abundant cns neuroglia
astrocytes
65
line csf filled cavities
ependymal cells
66
fastest axons
thick myelinated (motor and sensory)
67
slowest axons
thin unmyelinated
68
toxins from bacterial infections attack myelin sheath
diptheria
69
demyelination of pns neurons, autoimmune
guillain-barre syndrome
70
depolarize the postsynaptic cell
epsps
71
repolarize the postsynaptic cell
ipsps
72
excitatory to skeletal muscles but inhibits cardiac
acetylcholine
73
excitatory to cardiac but inhibitory to air passages
norepinephrine
74
involved with reward centers and parkinsons
dopamine
75
involved in ipsp generation that opens channels for cl- influx
gama
76
ways that synapse activity can stop
reuptake, degredation, or diffusion
77
involved in reuptake
astrocytes or axon terminal
78
pathways with feedback
reverberating pathways
79
another name for sympathetic division
thoracolumbar division
80
another name for parasympathetic division
craniosacral division
81
what do nerve cells lack making it so that they do not divide
centrioles
82
produce csf
ependymal cells
83
regulate exchange of materials within pns extracellular fluid
satellite cells
84
abdormal accumulation of glycolipid in myelin disruption nerve condition
tay-sachs disease
85
where does the spinal cord end in an adult
approximately l2
86
spinal nerves below the spinal cord
cauda equina
87
between lumbar spinal nerves holding in place
filum terminale
88
region of spinal nerves that do not serve plexuses
thoracic
89
number of each spinal nerve
8, 12, 5,5,1 (same as vertebrae except one extra cervical and coccygeal only has 1)
90
spinal nerves associated with cervical plexus
c1-c5
91
spinal nerves associated with brachial plexus
c5-t1
92
spinal nerves associated with lumbar plexus
l1-l4
93
spinal nerves associated with sacral plexus
l4-s4
94
each original segment served by a spinal nerve
dermatome
95
function of dorsal spinal roots
sensory
96
function of ventral spinal roots
motor
97
associated with anterior spinal cord
anterior median fissure
98
associated with posterior spinal cord
mesterior median sulcus
99
found only in thoracolumbar spinal cord
lateral horns within gray matter
100
first order neuron found
receptors to spinal cord or brainstem
101
second order neuron found
spinal cord/ brainstem to the thalamus or cerebellum
102
third order neuron
thalamus to cerebral cortex
103
said to be the gateway to the conscious brain
thalamus
104
where does decussation occur
between medulla oblongata and spinal cord
105
describe the placement of gracile and cuneate
only gracile below t6, cuneate on lateral above this
106
how many neurons are involved in motor control
2, upper and lower
107
where does decussation occur for lateral corticospinal tract
medulla oblongata
108
where does decussation occur for ventral corticospinal tract
spinal cord
109
function of dural sinus
facilitate reabsorption of csf
110
waste of csf circulation reabsorbed through
arachnoid granulations
111
describe sinus flow
superior and inferior sagital sinus into confluence of sinus that goes into transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and then jugular vein
112
connect adjacent gyri in the same hemisphere
association fibers
113
connect between hemispheres
commisural fibers
114
example of commisural fibers
corpus callosum amd anterior commisure
115
form ascending and descending tracts
projection fibers
116
type of fibers that undergo decasation
projection fibers
117
examples of projection fibers
internal and external capsule
118
fan-like projection of projection fibers
corona radiata
119
describe decasation of the visual pathways
only medial vision crosses over
120
housed within medulla oblongata
respiratory and cardiac centers
121
makes up cerebral peduncle
cerebral hemisphere and brain stem
122
responsibility of superior colliculus of corpa quadrigemina
turn towards visual stimulus
123
responsibility of inferior colliculus of corpa quadrigemina
turn toward auditory stimulus
124
functions of limbic system
emotion, motivation, fear, food, fighting, and sexual activity
125
another name for broca's aphasia
expressive aphasia
126
aphasia associated with wernike's area
receptive aphasia
127
aphasia associated with acuate fasciculus
nominal aphasia
128
connects brocas and werneke's areas
arcuate fasciculs
129
two role of astrocytes
help form blood brain barrier and convert glucose to lactate
130
muscles store energy in their
glycogen
131
return csf to the bloodstream
arachnoid villi
132
Because of an absence of __________, damaged nerve fibers in the CNS cannot regenerate
neurilemma
133
where the spinal cord ends
medullary cone
134
group of interconnected neurons with a specific function
neuron pool
