Connective Tissues and Skin (Q2) Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
cells separated by a matrix of loosely or densely packed intercellular material
A
connective tissue
2
Q
what does the matrix of connective tissue consist of?
A
fibers and loose/ dense ground substance
3
Q
most abundant fixed cell
A
fibroblast
4
Q
large star-shaped fixed cell that produces fibers
A
fibroblast
5
Q
irregularly-shaped fixed cells used to engulf invaders and damaged cells
A
fixed macrophages
6
Q
fixed fat cells
A
adipocytes
7
Q
stem cells that respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce new cells
A
mesenchymal cells
8
Q
produce melanin
A
melanocytes
9
Q
macrophages that can circulate throughout connective tissue
A
free macrophages
10
Q
free macrophages within the blood
A
monocytes
11
Q
small, mobile cells near blood vessels that secrete histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation in response to injury
A
mast cells
12
Q
migrate throughout the body and increase in number where tissue damage occurs
A
lymphocytes
13
Q
can develop into plasma cells and produce antibodies
A
lymphocytes
14
Q
migrate throughout the body and respond to chemicals released by macrophages and mast cells. these cells are also phagocytic
A
microphages
15
Q
examples of microphages
A
neutrophils and esinophils
16
Q
thick fibers that occur in long parallel bundles. can withstand much force when pulled along an axis
A
collagen fibers
17
Q
fibers that don’t stain well and are difficult to distinguish in microscpy
A
collagen fibers
18
Q
thin fibers that form complex networks and are branched. return to original length after stretching
A
elastic fibers
19
Q
highly branched with delicate supporting networks
A
reticular fibers
20
Q
fibers able to withstand forces applied from many directions
A
reticular fibers
21
Q
what composes the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?
A
ground substance and fibers
22
Q
what is the function of areolar connective tissue?
A
strength, elasticity, and support
23
Q
what is the function of reticular connective tissue?
A
forms stroma of organs, binds together smooth muscle, filters/ removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
24
Q
what is the function of adipose connective tissue?
A
reduces heat loss through the skin, serves as an energy reserve, and supports/ connects organs
25
what is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
strong attachment between bodily structures that withstand the pulling force along the axis of fibers
26
what is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
provides pulling strength in multiple directions
27
what is the function of elastic connective tissue?
allows the stretching of various organs. strong and can recoil to original shape. important to normal lung and elastic artery function
28
what is the general function of cartilage?
supporting connective tissues
29
what is the function of hyaline cartilage?
provides a smooth surface for movement of joints; flex and support
30
what is the function of fibrocartilage?
provides support and joins structures together with a combination of strength and rigidity
31
what is the function of elastic cartilage?
provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain substances
32
where is areolar connective tissue found?
below epithelium in most parts of the body
33
where is reticular connective tissue found?
bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes
34
where is adipose connective tissue found?
widely distributed throughout the body
35
where is dense regular connective tissue found?
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and covering skeletal muscle (deep fasciae)
36
where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
fibrous capsules of organs and joints, periostea, perichondria, nerve and muscle sheaths; makes up the dermis
37
where is elastic connective tissue found?
walls of the aorta and other blood vessels, in the vocal cords, surrounding respiratory passages, and ligamenta flava and ligamentum nuchae of spinal column. ofter underlies transitional epithelium.
38
cartilage cells
chondrocytes
39
where is hyaline cartilage found?
tracheal rings, costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilage of the nose, larynx and covers bone surfaces at synovial joints
40
what type of cartilage is tough but flexible?
hyaline cartilage
41
where is fibrocartilage found?
intervertebral discs, makes up the menisci of the knee joint and in the symphysis pubis
42
what type of cartilage is flexible and durable?
fibrocartilage
43
where is elastic cartilage found?
pinna, epiglottis, and auditory canal?
44
one-third of its matrix consists of collagenous fibers?
bone
45
fluid connective tissues
blood and lymph
46
what type of connective tissue has a random arrangement of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers?
areolar connective tissue
47
what type of tissue contains only reticular fibers?
reticular tissue
48
what type of tissue has modified fibroblasts which store fat and become swollen?
adipose tissue
49
what type of tissue has collagenous fibers in regular, parallel arrangement?
dense regular connective tissue
50
what type of tissue has irregularly arranged collagenous fibers?
dense irregular connective tissue
51
what type of tissue has largely elastic fibers with fibroblasts imbedded in between?
elastic connective tissue
52
unfilled spaces in connective tissue
lacunae
53
what type of cartilage has tightly packed collagen fibers?
hyaline cartilage
54
what is the weakest type of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
55
what type of cartilage has densely-packed, regularly-arranged fibers?
fibrocartilage
56
what type of cartilage has irregularly-arranged elastic fibers
elastic cartilage
57
what type of cartilage has lacuna and chondrocytes in regions?
elastic cartilage
58
what type of connective tissue is avascular?
cartilage
59
what type of cartilage has paired chondrocytes?
hyaline cartilage
60
what type of cartilage is the most durable?
fibrocartilage
61
areloar connective tissue
62
areolar connective tissue
63
areolar connective tissue
64
areolar connective tissue
65
adipose connective tissue
66
adipose connective tissue
67
adipose connective tissue
68
adipose connective tissue
69
reticular connective tissue
70
reticular connective tissue
71
reticular connective tissue
72
reticular connective tissue
73
reticular connective tissue
74
dense regular connective tissue
75
dense regular connective tissue
76
dense regular connective tissue
77
dense regular connective tissue
78
dense regular connective tissue
79
dense regular connective tissue
80
dense irregular connective tissue
81
dense irregular connective tissue
82
dense irregular connective tissue
83
dense irregular connective tissue
84
dense irregular connective tissue
85
elastic connective tissue
86
elastic connective tissue
87
elastic connective tissue
88
elastic connective tissue
89
hyaline cartilage
90
hyaline cartilage
91
hyaline cartilage
92
hyaline cartilage
93
hyaline cartilage
94
fibrocartilage
95
fibraocartilage
96
fibrocartilage
97
fibrocartilage
98
fibrocartilage
99
elastic cartilage
100
elastic cartilage
101
elastic cartilage
102
elastic cartilage
103
elastic cartilage
104
bone
105
bone
106
blood
107
lymph
108
what is the most deep layer of skin?
stratum basale or stratum germinativum
109
what is the second most deep layer of skin?
stratum spinosum
110
what is the third most deep layer of skin?
stratum granulosum
111
what layer of skin is found only in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
112
what is the most superficial layer of skin?
stratum corneum
113
yellow/orange precursor to vitamin stored in the stratum corneum
carotene
114
where is carotene stored?
stratum corneum
115
yellow-red/brown/black pigment formed by melanocytes in stratum basale
melanin
116
where is melanin formed?
stratum basale
117
what is the function of melanin?
protecting the nucleus of cells within the epidermis from uv radiation
118
what are the two regions of the dermis?
papillary and reticular
119
what is the breakdown of papillary and reticular regions of the dermis?
1/5 papillary and 4/5 reticular
120
what type of tissue makes up the papillary region of the dermis?
areolar connective tissue
121
what type of tissue makes up the reticular region of the dermis?
dense irregular connective tissue
122
attaches to hair follicles and secretes sebum
sebaceous gland
123
what is the function of sebum?
keep skin soft and moist
124
produces the stinky smell
apocrine sudoriferous glands
125
helps with thermal regulation and has no odor
eccrine sudoriferous glands
126
what is the larger sudoriferous gland
apocrine glands are larger than eccrine glands
127
soft, short, thin, lightly pigmented hair
vellus hair
128
longer coarser hair
terminal hair
129
help pull up the hair when there are goose bumps etc.
arrector pili muscle
130
what type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle?
smooth muscle
131
what tactile receptor senses deep pressure/touch
pacinian corpuscle
132
what tactile receptor senses torsion, twisting, and stretching
ruffini corpuscle
133
what type of tactile receptor senses fine and light touch in the dermis
meissner corpuscle
134
what type of tactile receptor senses epidermal fine and light touch
merkel cells
135
what is the only epidermal tactile receptor?
merkel cells
136
extend surface area of dermis into epidermis
dermal papillae
137
a
meissner's corpuscle
138
b
ruffini corpuscle
139
c
pacinian corpuscle
140
another name for ruffini corpuscle
type ii cutaneous mechanoreceptors
141
a
eccine sudoiferous gland
142
b
apecrine sudoriferous gland
143
a
stratum corneum
144
b
stratum lucidum
145
c
stratum granulosum
146
d
stratum spinosum
147
e
stratum basale
148
a
sebacous gland
149
b
hair follicle
150
c
arrector pili muscle
151
a
arrector pili muscle
152
b
hair follicle
153
c
sebaceous gland
154
a
meissner's corpuscle
155
b
eccrine sudiferous gland
156
c
fibroblast
157
a
stratum corneum
158
b
stratum granulosum
159
c
stratum spinosum
160
d
stratum basale
161
a
apocrine sudoiferous gland
162
b
meisner's corpuscle
163
c
eccrine sudoiferous gland
164
d
pacinian corpuscle
165
a
sebaceous gland
166
b
arrector pili muscle
167
c
hair follicle
168
a
stratum basale
169
b
stratum spinosum
170
c
stratum granulosum
171
d
stratum lucidum
172
e
stratum corneum
173
embryonic tissue from which connective tissue originates
mesenchyme
174
bone-forming cell
osteoblast
175
cartilage-forming cell
chondroblast
176
what makes up the ground substance of connective tissue?
large sugar and sugar-protein molecules
177
only ground substance not produced by the connective tissue it surrounds
plasma
178
fibrous membrane that wraps around muscle, vessles, and nerves
fascia
179
ground substance of bones
calcium salts
180
skin covering the body's surface (membrane)
cutaneous membrane
181
lines hollow internal organs
mucous membrane/ mucosa
182
what is the areolar tissue called as part of the mucous membrane?
lamina propia
183
lines closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
serous membrane/ serosae
184
what is the simple squamous epithelia in serosae called?
mesothelium
185
relatively undifferentiated cells that renew continually to produce new cells as needed
stem cells
186
strongest skin region
stratum granulosum
187
what skin layer plans a significant role in slowing water loss across the epidermis?
stratum granulosum
188
what are the functions of subcutaneous tissue?
insulation and anchoring skin to muscles
189
3 layers of hair
medulla, cortex, cuticle
190
where are apocrine sweat glands mostly found?
axial, anal, and genital regions
191
sebum blocks sebaceous glands causing a greater likelihood of bacteria
acne
192
rough scaly spots form treated with creams or surgical removal
actinic keratosis
193
only epidermis is harmed. redness, swelling, and pain
1st degree burns
194
damage to the epidermis and dermis but not complete destruction. pain and blistering
2nd degree burns
195
complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis. burning of sweat glands, nerves, and blood vessels. hair loss, more prone to infection, bad for heat loss- oil retention
3rd degree burns
196
caused by repeated friction, short-term
callus
197
long-term friction leads to a fluid-filled pouch separating the epidermis and dermis
blister
198
herpes simplex virus creates marks around lips/mouth
cold sores
199
poorly-oxygenated hemoglobin causes the skin to turn blue
cyanosis
200
occur over bone prominence for wheel-chair bound people. epidermis and dermis lost and collagen increases
decubitis ulcers/ pressure ulcers
201
scaling/ inflammation of various types
dermatitis
202
staph infection common around school-aged children with pink, fluid-filled spots around the mouth and nose
impetigo
203
autoimmune disease causing red, scaly inflammation
psoriasis
204
dilated small blood vessels rupture to cause the face to turn red
rosacea
205
vitamin D deficiency which weakens collagen and connective tissue. teeth loss, blood vessel rupture, and poor healing
scurvy
206
general term for skin cancer
carcinoma
207
most common/ least malignant type of skin cancer
basal cell
208
basal cells invade the dermis/ subcutaneous tissue
basal cell (skin cancer)
209
scaly, rounded spots that need to be treated with radiation, surgery, or drugs
squamous cell carcinoma
210
most deadly type of skin cancer
malignant melanoma
211
transdermal patch delivery
drug molecules diffuse through the epidermis to dermal blood vessels
212
loss of melanocytes; autoimmune disease
vitiligo
213
skin layer made primarily of stem cells
stratum basale
214
carotene is produced in this layer
stratum granulosum
