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Biology IB YR12-13 > B1.1 CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS > Flashcards

B1.1 CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

covalent bond

A

A chemical bond between two atoms formed by sharing electrons.
considered to be a stable bond - gives stability to molecules

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2
Q

polysaccharide example

A

Starch
glycogen
cellulose

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3
Q

how many bonds can a carbon form?

A

4
can be single or single-double

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4
Q

carbon bonding

A

Carbon can bind to other carbon atoms or to non-metallic elements through either single or double bonds.

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5
Q

monomers

A

A small molecule that can join with other monomers to make a larger polymer molecule.

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6
Q

Macromolecules

A

A giant molecule created by atoms covalently bonded to one another.

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7
Q

polymers

A

Large molecules, or macromolecules, made by combining monomers

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8
Q

4 macromolecule classes

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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9
Q

condensation reactions

A

A polymerisation reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule and water is released.

When two molecules join, one molecule loses a hydroxyl group (−OH) and the other loses a hydrogen atom (−H), forming a water molecule and resulting in formation of a new covalent bond.

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10
Q

how are macromolecules formed

A

condensation reaction

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11
Q

glycosidic bond

A

covalent bond
connects a sugar molecule to another functional group
formed by condensation reaction

between carbohydrates

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12
Q

disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides chemically bonded together.

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13
Q

polysaccharide

A

disaccharides bonded together

A major class of biomolecules, composed of long chains of carbohydrate molecules.

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14
Q

disaccharide examples

A

sucrose
maltose
lactose

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15
Q

monosaccharide examples

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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16
Q

hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction in which a water molecule is used to break down large molecules.

reverse reaction for the condensation polymerisation reaction

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17
Q

carboxyl group

A

COOH
- fatty acids
- amino acids

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18
Q

hydroxyl group

A

OH
- alcohols
- carbohydrates

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19
Q

amino group

A

NH2
- amino acids

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20
Q

Phosphate group

A

PO4
- DNA
- ATP

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21
Q

Ester group

A

COO

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22
Q

Nucleic acid bond

A

diester linkage

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23
Q

protiens bond

A

peptide

24
Q

lipids bond

A

ester linkage

25
Q

polysaccharides bond

A

glycosidic

26
Q

organic compounds

A

must contain carbon and hydrogen
backbone of life
all life on earth is carbon based
made by living organisms

27
Q

inorganic compounds

A

made up of carbon or hydrogen or both
not made by living things
complex structures

28
Q

how are Monosaccharides classified

A

by the number of carbon atoms they contain. For example, pentoses have five carbon atoms such as ribose, whereas hexoses have six carbon atoms such as glucose, galactose and fructose

29
Q

Fructose

A

type of sugar naturally found in fruits

30
Q

galactose

A

type of sugar that is commonly found in dairy products

31
Q

Glucose

A

most common monosaccharide found in nature and is an important source of energy for many organisms.

32
Q

Properties of glucose

A

Stable structure due to the presence of covalent bonds which are strong and hard to break
Soluble in water due to its polar nature
Easily transportable due to its water solubility
A source of chemical energy when its covalent bonds are broken
alpha & beta

33
Q

isomers

A

Two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms.

34
Q

difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

In alpha-glucose, the –OH group is oriented downwards, whereas in beta-glucose, it is oriented upwards

order of the hydrogen
alpha- up up down up down
beta - down up down up down

35
Q

why is glucose soluble

A

due to its polarity
it can therefore dissolve in water

36
Q

types of starch

A

amylose and amylopectin .

37
Q

amylose

A

linear polysaccharide
one of the constituents of starch
has glucose molecules
linked by glycosidic bonds.

38
Q

amylopectin

A

A highly branched polysaccharide that is one of the constituents of starch. It is composed of glucose molecules linked by glycosidic bonds.

39
Q

hydrolysis reactions

A

water is used to split molecules into seperate molecules

40
Q

Glycogen

A

A branched polysaccharide that serves as the primary energy storage molecule in humans.
Glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and muscle cells of animals.

41
Q

Polysaccharides as energy storage compounds

A

Starch is compact in structure due to its coiling and branching during polymerisation, which allows for efficient storage in a small space.

The coiled structure of glycogen is due to the branching pattern of the molecule, which allows for efficient storage and mobilisation of glucose when energy is needed.

42
Q

cellulose

A

Cellulose is a complex polysaccharide that is composed of beta-glucose molecules and is an essential component of the plant’s cell wall.

43
Q

what does the straight chain structure of cellulose allow it to form

A

this unique structure allows the cellulose molecules to form long, unbranched chains that can be grouped into bundles called microfibrils

44
Q

ABO blood groups

A

The ABO blood group system is based on the presence of specific glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells. These glycoproteins are called A and B antigens. Individuals can have one, both or neither of these antigens on their red blood cells.

45
Q

what are the different blood groups

A

a
b
ab
o

46
Q

hydrophobic

A

The property of non-polar substances that repel water molecules

47
Q

Triglycerides

A

A type of liquid molecule composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol.

48
Q

how is a triglyceride formed

A

When three fatty acids join to a glycerol molecule, a triglyceride is formed.

49
Q

Phospholipids

A

A type of lipid molecule that is the main component in the cell membrane.

50
Q

who do Phospholipids consist of

A

consists of a glycerol molecule modified with a phosphate group and two fatty acids

51
Q

saturated

A

no double bonds
higher melting point
solid at room temp

52
Q

unsaturated

A

one double bond
liquid at room temp
lower melting points

53
Q

polyunsaturated

A

2 or more double bonds

54
Q

cis unsaturated fatty acids

A

double bond is horizontal and in one line

hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms around the double bond are located on the same side of the molecule.

This creates a bend or a kink in the molecule

55
Q

trans unsaturated fatty acids

A

has a double bond in the carbon chain

hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms around the double bond are located on opposite sides of the molecule.

creates a more linear structure and results in a molecule that is less flexible and more rigid than a cis fatty acid

56
Q

role of adipose tissue

A

buoyancy and insulation

57
Q

what is the adipose tissue

A

a layer of fat under the skin layer

Biology IB YR12-13 (13 decks)

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