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Biology IB YR12-13 > B3.2 Transport > Flashcards

B3.2 Transport Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Mass flow

A

the movement of fluids down a pressure gradient

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2
Q

living cells require

A

supply of water and nutrients
oxygen
waste products to be removed

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3
Q

types of vessels in circulation system

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

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4
Q

arteries

A

carry blood flow away from heart

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5
Q

veins

A

carry blood to heart

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6
Q

capillaries

A

fine networks of tiny tubes linking arteries and veins

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7
Q

adaptation of capillaries

A

tissues and cells
blood under low pressure to prevent walls from bursting
narrow tubes
diameter very small
blood flow reduced
increased rate of exchange of molecules

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8
Q

large surface area adaptation for exchange of material

A

branching
increases diffusion rate

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9
Q

narrow diameters adaptation for exchange of material

A

RBC close to wall to reduce diffusion distance

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10
Q

thin walls adaptation for exchange of material

A

fast diffusion
single layer of cells

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11
Q

gaps in walls adaptation for exchange of material

A

allow some components of blood to escape and contribute to tissue fluid

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12
Q

endothelium

A

innermost lining layer of arteries and veins, and the layer of cells that compromises the capillary

lines inside of the heart

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13
Q

structure of arteries

A
  • walls are thicker and stronger
  • collagen fibres present
  • elastic and involuntary muscle fibres
  • lumen is smaller
  • maintains pressure
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14
Q

structure of veins

A
  • walls are thinner because blood is at low pressure
  • lumen is larger
  • reduces friction between RBC & wall - free flow of blood
  • valves to stop backflow
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15
Q

lumen

A

the hollow interior of a blood vessel through which the blood passes

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16
Q

aorta

A

main artery that carried blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

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17
Q

how do arteries withstand high blood pressure

A

Layers of muscle and elastic tissue in the walls

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18
Q

Adaptations of arteries

A

Wall thickness
elastic tissue
stretching walls
stretching fiber
increased distance

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19
Q

Adaptations of arteries - wall thickness

A

withstand blood pressure and prevent rupture

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20
Q

Adaptations of arteries - elastic tissue and collagen fibres

A

thick layer of elastic tissue to even out and maintain blood pressure

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21
Q

Adaptations of arteries - stretchy walls

A

To accommodate the huge surge of blood from heart

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22
Q

Adaptations of arteries - stretchy fibres

A

fibres stretch and recoil keeping the blood flowing forward

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23
Q

measurement of pulse rates

A

expansion of arteries are pulses
mostly where artery is near surface and passes over a bone

eg above wrist

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24
Q

radial artery where

A

wrist

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25
carotid artery where
neck
26
functions of valves in veins
prevent back flow of blood under low pressure
27
what are valves made of
collagen protien
28
how does the valve prevent backflow
blood pushes against valves causing them to close
29
structure of viens
thin walls external layer in thickest few elastic fibres in the middle layers walls are flexible to keep blood moving
30
venule
branch of vein
31
how are venules formed
a union of several capillaries - 15 mm Hg pressure
32
pressure of veins
5 mm Hg lowest pressure
33
atherosclerosis
deposition of plaque in the inner wall of blood vessels
34
occlusion
blockage or closing of a blood vessel
35
how does disease of heart occur
atherosclerosis - occlusion of arteries - progressive degenration of artery walls
36
how does damage to artery walls occur
fatty tissue is deposited under endothelium atheroma reduce lumen diameter
37
how does raise blood pressure occur
when fat deposits and fibrous tissues start to impede blood flow - damage to arterial wall - reduces elasticity - lesion formation - plaques ruptures - blood clotting
38
consequences of atherosclerosis
embolous in small artery or arteriole - blockage - deprivation of oxygen causing tissues to die - can cause heart to cease to be a pump HEART ATTACK
39
heart bypass operation
- blood vessel taken from patients leg - sometimes many bypasses needed - common and high survival chances
40
what can cause atherosclerosis
- high cholestrol high saturated fatty acids increased blood clots
41
epidemiological studies
circumstantial evidence of health risks suggests connection but doesnt establish a cause or biochemical connection
42
strengths of evidence for incidence of coronary heart disease
comparison of mean values and analysis of how different they are analysis of variation within data
43
what do studies on coronary heart disease suggest
saturated fat intake +ve correlation strongest correlations dont provide a causal link
44
limitations of evidence for incidence of coronary heart disease
- whether measure of health was a valid one - small sample less reliable - data gathered from animals less reliable for humans
45
transpiration
evaporation of water from spongy mesophyll tissue
46
stems role in transpiration
supports leaves in sunlight and transports organic material, ions and water between roots and leaves
47
roots role in transpiration
anchors plant and its site of absorption of water and ions from soil
48
leaf role in transpiration
Specialized for photosynthesis leaf blade connected to stem by a leaf stock
49
transpiration system
Evaporated water replaced comes from cytoplasm and mostly from water in spaces in walls of nearby cells and xylem
50
loss of water causes - transpiration
loss of water causes water to be drawn out of xylem vessels through walls by capillary action
51
what does tension do - transpiration
draws water up in xylem Because of tension the water column doesn't break or tear away from the sides of the xylem vessel
52
cohesion tension theory
Explanation of how water is drawn up the stem
53
transpiration stream
Flow of water through a plant from the roots to the leaves via xylem vessels
54
tension
Force that is transmitted through a substance when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite cells
55
experiment to find tension
Xylem vessel is pierced by a fine needle bubble of air enters column and interrupts water jet of water released from broken vessels under pressure
56
advantages of transpiration
- evaporation of water from cells of leaf causes strong cooling effect - stream of water carries dissolved ions required by leaves - allows living cells to be fully hydrated - turgor pressure of cells provide support to leaf
57
xylem role in water movement
cells with cellulose walls and living contents long hollow tubes during developement living contents of xylem used up in deposition of cellulose thickening to inside of lateral walls hardened by ligin - tough tissue
58
root role in water movement
huge surface area in contact with soil plants have a system of branching roots that continually grow at each root tip pushing through the soil
59
root hairs
extensions of individual epidermal cells - short lived
60
apoplast pathway
the pathway through the non-living part of a cell
61
symplast pathway
the pathway through the cell membrane and plasodesmata
62
mass flow
interconnected free spaces between cellulose fibres of the plant cell walls
63
vascular pathway
water movement through the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and the vacuole
64
endodermis
single layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue in the roots of a plant
65
casparian strip
a band of cells containing suberin, a waxy substances impermeable to water found in ther endodermal cell walls of plant roots
66
adaptation of xylem vessels for transport of water
- thickened walls strengthened with lignin - lignin - waterproof and stops water from escaping - unimpeded flow of water and minerals - withstand pressure and tension - pits - areas for entry and exit of water

Biology IB YR12-13 (33 decks)

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