D4.1 Natural Selection

Question 1

Where can evidence for evolution be found

Answer 1

fossils
base sequences in DNA and RNA
amino acid sequences in proteins
homologous structures
selected breeding

Question 2

natural selection

Answer 2

organisms better adapted to their environment survive and produce more offspring

evolution occurs through this

Question 3

theory of evolution developed by

Answer 3

charles darwin

Question 4

what other idea did charles darwin develop - more detailed

Answer 4

idea of organic evolution by natural selection

Question 5

paradigm shift

Answer 5

significant and fundamental change in how the world is viewed

Question 6

when can natural selection occur

Answer 6

if there is variation

Question 7

what does variation result in - 1

Answer 7

sexual reproduction during meiosis in gamete formation and fertilisation

Question 8

how does variation occur in meiosis

Answer 8

• random assortment of chromosomes
• crossing over
• random fusion of gametes during fertilisation

Question 9

results of meiosis

Answer 9

new combinations of existing characteristics that may affect survival and opportunities to reproduce

Question 10

variations arise as product of what

Answer 10

as the product of mutation, giving entirely new alleles

Question 11

germ line mutations

Answer 11

mutations in ovaries or testes
may be passed to offspring

Question 12

overproduction of offspring in the wild leads to

Answer 12

naturally to their competition for resources

Question 13

a breeding pair births what

Answer 13

a breeding pair of offspring

Question 14

what is everything except a breeding pair of offspring

Answer 14

casualties of the struggle

Question 15

what limits population size

Answer 15

environmental factors
space
light
food

Question 16

what to limiting factors do

Answer 16

limit carrying capacity of a species population

Question 17

factors that promote natural selection

Answer 17

over production of offspring and competition for resources

Question 18

what do density independent factors do

Answer 18

affect survival of individuals in a population, causing numbers to fluctuate

Question 19

how are favourable characteristics expressed

Answer 19

in phenotypes of some of the offspring

Question 20

what do offspring with favourable characteristics gain

Answer 20

may be able to survive better and reproduce
others will be less be able to compete successfully to survive and reproduce

Question 21

basis for natural selection

Answer 21

differences between individuals in adaptation, survival and reproduction

Question 22

fitness

Answer 22

an organisms ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring

its reproductive success

Question 23

selective advantage in alleles

Answer 23

those with the alleles that confer a selective advantage are more likely to breed and pass on these alleles to future generations

Question 24

natural selection is a result of

Answer 24

intraspecific competition since they compete for the same resources

Question 25

what does a mutation for selective advantage do

Answer 25

improves their change of surviving intraspecific competition

Question 26

how is a change in environment a disadvantage

Answer 26

likely to operate on individuals and cause change to gene pools

Question 27

aquired characteristics

Answer 27

arent heritable

Question 28

the peppered moth in terms of evolutionary change

Answer 28

due to industrial revolution pollution the tree barks etc became black causing dark moth species to increase

Question 29

what is the dark moth species increasing known as

Answer 29

industrial melanism

Question 30

advantage of peppered moths and result

Answer 30

sooty moths could camouflage the best and became the dominant species

Question 31

sexual dimorphism

Answer 31

differences in appearance between males and females of the same species such as in colour, shape, size and structure

Question 32

sexual selection

Answer 32

selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex

Question 33

birds of paradise living feature

Answer 33

rainforests of papua new guinea in south east asia

Question 34

birds of paradise visual feature

Answer 34

male bird is brightly coloured and female is plane

Question 35

what did difference in physical appearance lead to in birds of paradise

Answer 35

evolution male got brighter colours and feathers to attract females

Question 36

what would happen if there was a change in appearance or behaviour in birds of paradise

Answer 36

males and females may no longer being attracted and so no breeding

Question 37

what birds of paradise feature is likely to attract a mate

Answer 37

males with most impressive plumpage and courtship

Question 38

what can sexual selection affect

Answer 38

success and evolution

Question 39

peacocks visual features

Answer 39

male species of peafowl have bright, iridescent tail feathers with eye spot patterning presented during courtship

Question 40

sexual selection in peacocks

Answer 40

tail becoming increasingly long and pattern more elaborate

Question 41

what does peacocks visual feature do

Answer 41

makes it prone to predation and reduces the likelihood of survival

Question 42

what does natural selection do

Answer 42

well adapt individuals to their environment

Question 43

what does sexual selection do

Answer 43

enhances changes of breeding success can be seen as a stronger evolutionary force because variation in mating success can amplify selection and maintain new genetic variation

Question 44

guppies living feature

Answer 44

native to the mountain forest streams of north-east venezuela, margarita, trinidad and tobago

Question 45

guppies visual feature

Answer 45

complex variation in colouring and patterning most camouflage from spots to resemble gravel

Question 46

hypothesis for male colouration 1

Answer 46

presence of predators, substrate type of stream affects survival, leading to spot brightness changing

Question 47

hypothesis for male colouration 2

Answer 47

spot brightness increases when there is low predation

Question 48

hypothesis for male colouration 3

Answer 48

high sports brightness attracts predators

Question 49

endler did an experiment on guppies what was it

Answer 49

3 levels of predation weak, no and dangerous predator used to reflect the density of predators in the wild

Question 50

what happened to the guppies with dangerous predators

Answer 50

mean number of spots decreased

Question 51

what happened to the guppies with no or weak predators

Answer 51

spots kept increasing males had more colourful patterning

Question 52

types of spots

Answer 52

line gravel favoured large spots and coarse gravel favoured small spots

Question 53

natural selection in guppies

Answer 53

finding food predators can see brighter fish

Question 54

sexual selection in guppies

Answer 54

brighter males are more likely to mate and pass on alleles