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Biology IB YR12-13 > B4.2 Echological Niches > Flashcards

B4.2 Echological Niches Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

niche

A

role played by a species in its community which includes its abiotic requirements and tolerance, and its interaction with other organism

influences growth, survival and reproduction of species and how it obtains food

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2
Q

what happens if 2 organisms occupy the same niche

A

leading to evolutionary process or competitive exclusion

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3
Q

where are principles of niches seen

A

shag and cormorant - both live and feed along coastline and rear young on cliffs and rocks but have different diets and behaviours - avoid competition from each other

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4
Q

shag

A

nest on much narrower cliffs
feeds further to sea - fish and eels

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5
Q

cormorants

A

feeds near to shore
seabed fish - flatfish

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6
Q

why did first organisms on earth breathe with anaerobic respiration

A

because the earth was less in oxygen and there was nothing to produce it

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7
Q

obligate aerobes examples

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis -TB

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8
Q

obligate aerobes

A

organisms that can only respire aerobically - all plants and animals

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9
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

organisms that only respire in the absence of oxygen

poisoned by presence of oxygen
lack defence mechanisms to protect enzymes from oxidants

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10
Q

obligate anaerobes examples

A

methane producing archaea

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11
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

organism that normally respires aerobically but has the facility to switch anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen

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12
Q

facultative anaerobes example

A

E. coli
lives in intestines animals and also water, food, soil

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13
Q

autotrophic

A

using external energy sources to synthesis glucose from simple inorganic substances

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14
Q

heterotrophic

A

using carbon compounds obtained from other organisms to synthesise required carbon compounds

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15
Q

photoautotrophs

A

plants that use sunlight to make food

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16
Q

other organisms contain pigments and are autotrophs

A

algae, photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria

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17
Q

herbivores

A

an animal that feeds holozoically exclusively on plants
primary consumers

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18
Q

carnivores

A

flesh eating organism
secondary consumer

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19
Q

holozoic nutrition

A

nutrition in consumers where food is ingested, digested internally, absurd and assimilated

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20
Q

animals nutrition

A

get their nutrition from existing nutrients
- dependant on plant nutrition
- animal is a consumer
- animal nutrition is heterotrophic

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21
Q

mixotrophic

A

both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition

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22
Q

example of mixotropic nutrition organism

A

marine flatworm
- have algae living symbiotically in body

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23
Q

phytoplankton nutrition

A

take up dissolved organic carbon under inorganic nutrients stress

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24
Q

osmotrophy

A

uptake of dissolved organic material

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25
saphrotropic
an organism that lives on or in dead organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion
26
examples of saphrotrophs
fungi and bacteria are decomposers but also carry out heterotrophic nutrition
27
detrivore
organism that ingests dead organic matter holozoic nutrition secrete enzymes and digest food outside body
28
archaea
domain of microbes
29
extremophiles
microbes in hostile environment
30
chemosynthesis
inorganic molecules are oxidised to release energy energy is used to synthesise glucose
31
what does archaea use for energy and why
no energy so uses sunlight as energy uses light activated ion pumps to generate ion gradients by pumping ions out of cells energy transferred to ATP
32
chemoautotrophs
organisms that are chemosynthetic and use energy from chemical reactions involving the oxidation of inorganic compounds to make glucose
33
where are chemosynthetic archaea found
stomachs and intestines of some mammals can also be found at the bottom of the ocean where sunlight isn't visible
34
what family are humans apart of
hominidae
35
gorilla adaptation teeth
mainly herbivores large masseter muscles connect skill to jaw to grind plant temporal muscles pull up jaw - animal to bite food sagittate crest - allow attachment for temporal muscle - forceful bit large and developed canines and incisors
36
chimpanzee adaptation teeth
primarily frugivores - fruit occasionally eat meat less developed master and temporal muscle
37
what are incisors for
slicing food
38
what are canines for
tearing food
39
what are premolars and molars for
grinding food
40
what did humans evolve from
common ancestor with chimpanzees 4 million years ago
41
what do teeth explain
diets
42
herbivory
feeding on plants
43
aphids adaptations
modified piercing mouth parts called stylets - secrete pectinate to digest pectin so it can slide between cell walls and access sucrose in phloem
44
how do other insects eat leaves
chewing mouth parts to bite, remove, masticate sections of leaves
45
examples of insects with chewing mouthparts
grasshopper, locust, cockroaches, wasps, beetle, termite, caterpillars
46
how do proboscis monkeys detoxifying plan toxins
bacteria in extended intestines that help in to neutralise toxins and digest cellulose
47
cacti adaptations to resist herbivory
spines
48
stinging nestles adaptations to resist herbivory
long thin hairs contain methanol acid which causes painful sting and burning
49
plant adaptations to resist herbivory
modified leaves toxic secondary compounds in seeds and leaves
50
deadly nightshade adaptations to resist herbivory
atropin and scopolamine in leaves, stems, berries and roots causes paralysis in body muscles like heart
51
cassava roots adaptations to resist herbivory
contain cyannide
52
predation
interaction where one organism the predators kills and eats other organisms, its prey
53
predator
an organism that kills and eats other organisms
54
prey
organism hunted and eaten by predator
55
eye position of predators
eyes on front for better depth perception and binocular vision
56
eye position of preys
eyes on side so view of surroundings and can detect approach of predators from both sides, front and back
57
specialised sense organs of predators and example
all have at least one to detect prey snakes use tongue to pock up chemicals falcons have acute vision
58
speed as an advantage
for both prey and predator prey - escape predator - catch cheetah onland falcon in air
59
mechanical defences
hard shells on tortoises and turtles, spines of a hedgehog physically prevent predator from eating it
60
camouflages
resemble background so are less visible chameleon changes colour
61
mimicry and example
mimicing another predator to scare them away example - coral snakes - poisonous black red and white colours which are a warning and the non poisonous snakes like king snake mimic their colours to scare off predators
62
toxicity
warning colours to convey that prey is toxic caterpillar of cinnabar moth - black and yellow strips - taste unpleasant and topical chemicals
63
chemical defences and example
toxic chemicals a prey has to avoid predators bombarbier beetles - hot, noxious chemicals spray from tip of abdomen skunk - pungent liquid containing volatile sulphurous chemicals are sprayed
64
behavioural adaptations
not all predators rely on speed many animals roll into a ball when threatened like woodlice and millipedes
65
canopy tree harvesting light
first to access sunlight maximises photosynthesis and enables them to grow to a large size ground layer only gets 1% of light of what canopy layer gets
66
lianas adaptations
woody vines - leaves and flowers in the canopy and roots in ground use support of trees rather than a trunk
67
epiphytes adaptations
plants that grow on the branches of trees seeds of these plants are deposited by birds or mammas who rest on branches of three use support of trees
68
shade tolerate shrubs adaptations
contain different photosynthetic pigments from canopy plants since canopy filters out certain lights - have much larger leaves and few flowers
69
fundamental niche
potential extent of a species based on adaptations and tolerance limits where an organism could live
70
realised niche
actual extent of a species when in competition with other species where an organism does live

Biology IB YR12-13 (33 decks)

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