Bacteria & Introduction Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Microbes
A
Organisms too small to be seen with naked eye
2
Q
Microbiology
A
The study of microbes
3
Q
2 concepts of microscopy
A
Magnification and Resolution
4
Q
Magnification
A
increase in size of an object from its original size
5
Q
Resolution
A
clarity; minimum distance between 2 objects
6
Q
Microbes
A
organisms too small to be seen with naked eye
7
Q
Example of Microbes
A
bacteria; fungi, algae; protozoa; helminths; viruses, non-living
8
Q
What are Helminths?
A
parasitic worms; like tapeworms (platyhelminths)
9
Q
Virus
A
non-living microbes made up of genome (DNA or RNA) and protein molecule
10
Q
Fungi
A
eukaryotic microbes; mushroom (macro), yeast, mold, (micro)
11
Q
Bacteria
A
prokaryotic microbes
12
Q
Algae
A
eukaryotic microbes; plant-like organisms
13
Q
Protozoa
A
single-celled eukaryotic microbes
14
Q
Prokaryote
A
organism without a nucleus and unorganized organelles (not membrane-bound); have cell wall made of peptidoglycan; includes Archae and Bacteria
15
Q
Peptidoglycan
A
polysaccharide composed of NAM and NAG that make up bacterial cell wall
16
Q
How do you kill bacteria?
A
have to kill NAM and NAG to kill cell wall (made of peptidoglycan), which kills the bacteria
17
Q
Eukaryote
A
organism with a nucleus and organized organelles (membrane-bound); some have cell wall; includes Protista (Protozoa), Plantae (Algea), Fungi, Animalia (Helminths)
18
Q
What are Plantae cell wall composed of?
A
cellulose
19
Q
What are Fungi cell wall composed of?
A
chitin
20
Q
What are Animalia cell wall composed of?
A
they do not have a cell wall
21
Q
Germ theory
A
microbes are the causal agents of disease; life begets life
22
Q
Taxonomic Hierarchy (List the order of the hierarchy)
A
system of classification from domain to species; Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum (Division - Plants) -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species
23
Q
Binomial Nomenclature
A
system of naming organisms with two names: Genus and species
24
Q
Taxonomy
A
the classification, naming, and identification of organisms
25
Cytoplasm
cellular matrix (cytoskeleton) containing cytosol and organelles
26
What is an unfavorable environment for bacteria?
lack of nutrients, lack of moisture
27
Capsule. What is it composed of?
structure made of polysaccharide & polypeptide on the cell wall of some prokaryotes
28
Glycocalyx
capsule and slime layer (on capsule) surrounding the cell wall of bacteria
29
Flagella
long, whip-like appendages used for motility and sensory perception
30
Fimbriae
AKA Cilia; short, hair-like appendages used for movement or sensing
31
What are the bacteria cell appendages?
flagella, sex pili, fimbriae (cilia)
32
Sex Pili Explanation
No male or female bacteria; over time one may act as male (donor cell), protruding sex pili, and transfer genetic material to other, which will act as female (recipient cell); plasmid (DNA molecule) is transferred
33
Do bacterial cells have outer membrane?
some do, dome don't. They are harder to kill if they have them
34
Mesosome
where the cell membrane (beneath the cell wall) of bacterial cells "falls in"
35
Periplasmic space
space between cell wall and cell membrane; contains chemical that can neutralize other chemicals; not all bacteria have them
36
Nucleoid
region in prokaryotic cell (bacteria) containing genetic material
37
Ribosomes
cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis
38
Prokaryotic Cell Ribosomal Subunits
small unit = 30s (aminoglycosides) destroy
large unit = 50s (Microlytes) destroy
ex: Clarithromycin & Azitromycin
Together = 70s
39
Bacterial Granules
storage for nutrients
40
Microbistatic
inhibitory drugs that slow down bacterial growth
41
Microbicide
destructive drugs that kill bacteria
42
Which type of drug is preferred for bacteria with outer membranes?
Microbistatic, because if try to kill bacteria, toxic outer membranes can release toxins into body
43
How do bacteria know there is food in the environment?
flagella
44
The 2 forms of Bacteria
Endospores; Vegetative cells
45
Endospore
form of bacteria; can survive for 250 million years; cannot kill them using drugs, heat, or radiation; will grow and germinate when get to where environment is favorable
46
What chemical does bacteria secrete to form endospore?
Calcium Dipicolinic Acid
47
Vegetative Cells
AKA Vegetative Pathogen; infectious bacteria; can be killed using drugs, heat, or radiation
48
Sterilization
complete and total elimination of all micro forms
49
Types of Spores
subterminal spore; terminal spore; central spore; lateral spore
50
Subterminal Spore
doesn't go all the way to the top
51
Terminal spore
goes all the way to the top and end
52
Central spore
spore is only in center
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Lateral spore
spore is on the side
54
Types of flagella
monotrichous; lophotricous; amphitrichous; peritrichous; atrichous
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Monotrichous
one flagella
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lophotrichous
Bunch of flagella on one end
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Amphitrichous
flagella on both ends (one or multiple)
58
Peritrichous
flagella all over the place
59
Atrichous
without flagella
60
Culture
the growing of live bacteria
61
The Six I's of Culturing
Inoculate; Incubate (@37 C); Isolate; Inspect; Information Gathering; Identification
62
Thermophilic
bacteria that like extreme heat
63
Psychrophiles
bacteria that like extreme cold
64
Halophiles
bacteria that like high salt concentration
65
Mesophiles
bacteria that thrive in human body temps
66
Physical classification of media (List & Ex)
liquid: broth
solid: agar plate
semi-sold: agar slant
67
Chemical classification of media (List & Define)
synthetic: artificial, ratio is known
non-synthetic: natural, ratio is unknown
semi-synthetic: both natural and artificial, ratio is unknown
68
Functional classification of media (List)
general purpose; selective; differential; enriched; reducing
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General purpose media
grow wide range of bacteria
70
Examples of General Purpose Media
Ex: TSA (Tryptocase Soy Agar)
Ex: NA (Nutrient Agar)
71
Selective media
selectively encourage growth of 1 species, while discouraging/inhibiting growth of others
72
Examples of Selective Media
Ex: MSA (Mannitol Salt Agar)
Ex: MacConkey
73
What is MSA (Mannitol Salt Agar)?
a selective media used to grow Staph aureus by showing yellow gold during bacterial test, confirming staph infection
74
What is MacConkey?
a selective media used to grow E. coli (showing pink to confirm) and grow Pseudomonas aeruginosa (showing green to confirm)
75
Differential Media
encourages growth of more than 1 species of bacteria while displaying physical properties or identification (shows pink or green)
76
Enriched Media
used to grow fastidious bacteria using a specific growth factor that the bacteria desires
77
Fastidious Bacteria (examples)
bacteria that is difficult to grow, isolate, and stain identify; use Ziehl Neelson stain (acid fast differential stain); outer membrane made of mycolic acid - makes it impossible for dye to permeate
Ex: Mycobacteria (causes tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy)
Ex: Nocardia (causes nocardiosis(respiratory illness)
78
What is an example of an Enriched Media?
Blood Agar
79
Reducing Media
AKA Thioglycolate Media; reducing oxygen concentration in media to grow strict obligate anaerobes; add thioglycolic acid to reduce the concentration of oxygen in that media
80
Oxygen Requirement
the specific oxygen requirements of different microorganisms
81
List the 3 groupings of microbes according to oxygen requirements
Strict obligate anaerobes; facultative anaerobes; strict obligate aerobes
82
Strict Obligate Aerobes. Provide an example
organisms that must have oxygen for them to be alive
ex: Microaerophile - only want minute amount of oxygen
83
Facultative anaerobes
organisms that can survive with or without oxygen
84
Strict obligate anaerobes. What do they lack?
lack enzymes to break down oxygen (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD); leads to oxygen toxicity
85
Eukaryote Appendages
flagella; cilia; glycocalyx; cell membrane
86
Eukaryotic Ribosomal Subunits
Small unit: 40s
Large unit: 60s
Together: 80s
87
What does the "S" stand for in the ribosomal subunits?
Svedberg (centrifugal unit)
88
Eukaryotic Golgi Apparatus (details)
contain hydrolytic enzymes; 2 faces: cis-pole & trans-pole; release chemical vesicles to encase food and break it down (phagocytize)
89
What are the 2 faces of the Golgi Apparatus?
cis-pole: closest to ER
trans-pole: furthest from ER
90
What happens to Golgi Apparatus while phagocytizing it's food?
becomes phagosome; will break down food and cell will absorb the nutrients
91
Lysosomes
membrane-close organelles that contain enzymes capable of breaking down various macromolecules; Vesicles can develop into lysosomes
92
Which 4 macromolecules do Lysosomes breakdown? (Include the enzymes utilized)
Carbohydrates(Carbohydrase); Proteins(Protease); Lipids(Lipase); Nucleic Acid(Nuclease)
93
Pompe disease
inability to produce carbohydrase; cannot eat food that has sugar in it; will cause liver cirrhosis(cancer)
94
Tay Sach's disease
inability to secrete lipase; cannot eat food with oil in it; implicated with mental retardation
95
Mitochondria (structure details)
is a double-membrane organelle; contains outer and inner membrane and intermembrane space (between the membranes); has cristae; mitochondrial matrix (inner space)
96
What the function of mitochondria in plants?
Mitochondria is chloroplast in plants (product energy through photosynthesis)
97
Chloroplast
double-membrane (AKA mitochondria); site for photosynthesis
98
Diagnosis for Bacterial Cell
test for the bacteria
99
3 Forms of Bacteria
Coccus; Bacillus; Sprillum
100
Characteristics of Gram Positive Bacteria
thick cell membrane
peptidoglycan
no outer membrane
no periplasmic space
no lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
no Lipid A(toxic)
no lipoprotein(toxic)
teichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid
101
Characteristics of Gram Negative Bacteria
thin cell membrane
outer membrane
periplasmic space
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Lipid A (toxic)
lipoprotein (toxic)
no teichoic acid
no lipoteichoic acid
102
Gram Stain
developed by Hans Gram; used to tell differences of chemical composition of cell wall (gram positive vs gram negative)
103
Narrow Spectrum Drugs
designed to inhibit or destroy only the Gram+ or Gram- bacteria
104
Broad Spectrum Drugs
designed to inhibit and destroy both Gram+ and Gram- bacteria
105
Shotgun approach (example)
don't send sample to lab, just provide broad spectrum drugs for infection
ex: ear infection
106
3 Types of Genome Transfer between Bacteria
conjugation; transduction; transformation
107
Conjugation
transfer of genetic material through sex pili; direct contact between donor and recipient
108
Transduction
transfer of genetic material through bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria); no direct contact
109
Transformation
assimilation of degenerated genome from habitat/environment; no direct contact
110
Sarcinae
morphology of bacteria when they are in multiples of 8 (no more than 64)
111
R-plasmid
Resistant-plasmid; when patient only takes portion of antibiotics, high mutation of plasma allows bacteria to learn antibiotics and transform to become resistant
