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Microbiology > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

Exam 2 (57 cards)

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1
Q

Microbial Metabolism

A

all chemical processes that take place in a cell/organism

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2
Q

Name the 2 pathways of metabolism

A
  • catabolic pathway (catabolism)
  • anabolic pathway (anabolism)
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3
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

breakdown of macromolecules, producing small, simpler units of chemical compounds

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4
Q

Name the major macromolecules

A
  • lipids
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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5
Q

What is the result of Catabolism?

A

exergonic reaction

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6
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

a chemical reaction that releases free energy

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7
Q

Example of exergonic reaction

A

Cellular Respiration

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8
Q

Example of Catabolic pathway

A

Cellular Respiration

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9
Q

Different forms of Energy

A
  • ATP
  • Calories
  • Joules
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10
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

buildup of complicated molecules from simpler units with the consumption of energy

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11
Q

What is the result of anabolism?

A

endergonic reaction

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12
Q

What is an example of an endergonic reaction?

A

Photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is an example of an anabolic pathway?

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

Photosynthesis is the same as Cellular Respiration (T/F)

A

False. They are opposites

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15
Q

Catalyst

A

any chemical agent that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed at the end
ex: enzyme (biological catalyst)

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16
Q

What are enzymes mostly composed of?

A

protein molecules

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17
Q

2 parts of enzyme molecule

A
  • active site (where substrate enters)
  • allosteric region (everywhere else)
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18
Q

What are enzymes affected by?

A
  • temperature (heat)
  • organic chemicals
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19
Q

Enzyme Specificity

A

the preference of an enzyme for one specific substrate

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20
Q

Name 3 enzymes

A
  • carbohydrase
  • lipase
  • protease
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21
Q

Simple Enzyme

A

composed of protein molecules

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22
Q

Holoenzyme

A

AKA conjugated enzyme;
composed of protein molecules and non-protein molecules

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23
Q

Apoenzyme

Study These Flashcards
A

protein portion of a holoenzyme

24
Q

What is the nonprotein portion of holoenzyme called?

25
Organic Cofactors
AKA Coenzyme; Vitamins - Water-Soluble: B, C complexes - Fat-Soluble: A, D, E, K
26
Inorganic Cofactors
AKA metallic; needed in trace amounts (trace/essential elements) - Zinc (Zn) - Silicone (Si) - Iodine (I2) - Iron (Fe) - Magnesium (Mg) - Manganese, etc...
27
Exoenzyme
enzyme transported extracellulary to bind/react with substrate
28
Endoenzyme
retained inside cell; substrate travels to enzyme
29
Constitutive Enzyme
always present in body at equal rates
30
Name and Define the Regulated Enzymes
- induced (initiate): turned on in the presence of the substrate - repressed (inhibit): turned off once enough product is produced
31
Chemical Inhibitors | Name and Define
molecules that affect/control enzyme activity - competitive inhibitor: molecule will compete for active site of enzyme molecule, making it impossible for substrate to fit into active site - noncompetitive inhibitor (AKA allosteric regulation): molecule does not compete for active site but is still indirectly blocking active site
32
33
For something to move it needs...
energy
34
What controls enzyme activity?
genes (DNA/RNA)
35
Biochemical Reactions
- are reversible - ex: breathing in and out - ex: drinking water and then urinating
36
Redox Reactions
type of biochemical reaction; reduction reaction and oxidation reaction
37
Reduction Reaction
gain of electrons (OIL RIG)
38
Oxidation Reaction
loss of electrons (OIL RIG)
39
In blood there is always...
sugar and enzymes
40
What controls enzyme activity? | Provide Example
- our genes - ex: production of saliva - Induction: it is turned on - Repression: it is turned off once enough is produced
41
Phosphorylation
Once 3rd phosphate in ATP is cut off, it will attach to another molecule
42
What is another name for substrate?
Food
43
Substrate Phosphorylation
- attachment of a phosphate molecule to food - AKA Glycolysis
44
Oxidative Phosphorylation | What is it also known as?
- molecule losing an electron and while doing so, will grab a phosphate and add it to the molecule - AKA ETC
45
Chemiosmosis
- protons moving from an area of high concentration - AKA Oxidative Phosphrylation/ETC
46
Spontaneous/Passive Reaction
- molecule "rolls" down slope of concentration gradient without needing energy - at bottom of slope, molecule will combust and release energy - a type of Oxidative Phosphorylation
47
Active Transport Reaction
- molecule is "pulled" up slope from low to high concentration - energy is expended - a type of Oxidative Phosphorylation
48
How many steps are there of Glycolysis?
10 steps
49
What are the first 5 steps of glycolysis called?
investment phase
50
What are the 2nd 5 steps of Glycolysis called?
yielding phase (pay off)
51
Isomer
chemical compound with the same molecular formula, but different molecular structure
52
How many ATP molecules are produced in each stage of Carbohydrate Metabolism?
- Glycolysis: 2 net/4 total - Krebs Cycle: 2 - ETC: 34 - Total: 38 - 40
53
What's another name for Glycolysis?
Substrate Phosphorylation
54
What's another name for Krebs Cycle? (2)
- Citric Acid Cycle - Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
55
What's another name for ETC? (2)
- Oxidative Phosphorylation - Chemiosmosis
56
What is the main function of the Krebs Cycle?
synthesis of coenzymes (NADH & FADH2) which will be sent to ETC
57
Pyruvate Oxidation
preparation of pyruvate for Krebs Cycle

Microbiology (12 decks)

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