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DNA Replication Flashcards

Exam 2 (51 cards)

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1
Q

What is DNA Duplication?

A

making exact copies

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2
Q

What is DNA Replication?

A

copies with some differences from original

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3
Q

What are the 3 models of DNA Replication?

A
  • conservative model
  • semi-conservative model
  • dispersive model
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4
Q

Conservative Model

A
  • conserve as much of the original as possible
  • result: 2 old strands together, 2 new strands together
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5
Q

Semi-Conservative Model

A
  • old strands will isolate and separate with new strands
  • 1 old and 1 new strand together; 1 old and 1 new strand together
  • more in Eukaryotes
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6
Q

Dispersive Model

A

result: 1 old segment, 1 new segment, 1 old segment, 1 new segment

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7
Q

How many total enzymes does DNA Duplication involve?

A

over 30

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8
Q

What are the 6 enzymes of DNA Duplication needed to know?

A
  • Helicase
  • Primase
  • DNA Polymerase III
  • DNA Polymerase I
  • Ligase
  • Gyrase
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9
Q

Which enzymes involved in DNA Duplication are categorized as Primosomes?

A
  • helicase
  • primase
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10
Q

What is the function of Helicase?

A

unwinds the double helix to be able to create templates

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11
Q

What is the function of Topoisomerase?

A

relieves the tension once the helix is unwinded by the helicase

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12
Q

What is the function of Primase?

A

primer that inserts into the DNA molecule to initiate the duplication process

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13
Q

What is the function of DNA Polymerase III?

A
  • identify problems (cuts and knicks) on the strand of chromosome
  • makes okazaki fragments
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14
Q

What are Okazaki Fragments?

A

short/fragmented copies of DNA

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15
Q

What is the function of DNA Polymerase I

A
  • fixes the cuts and knicks found on the chromosome by DNA Polymerase III
  • removes the Primase enzyme
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16
Q

What is the function of Ligase?

A
  • joins together the okazaki fragments
  • joins exons together to secrete and synthesize amino acids
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17
Q

What is the function of Gyrase?

A

supercoils the double helix back together

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18
Q

Where does DNA Replication start?

A

at the replication fork

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19
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Genetic Code?

A
  • universal
  • redundant
  • no ambiguity (it is what it is)
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20
Q

Explain the “universal” characteristic of genetic code

Provide and Example

A
  • a codon in humans will be the same as a codon in a snake
  • ex: UUU will always code for amino acid Phenylalanine
  • ex: the complement to UUU will always be AAA
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21
Q

Explain the “redudant” characteristic of genetic code

Study These Flashcards
A
  • if you replace the third base, it will still be the same amino acid
  • ex: replace third U with C, will still have Phenylalanine
22
Q

What is the start codon?

Study These Flashcards
A

AUG (Methionine)

23
Q

What are the stop codons?

24
Q

How many amino acids are there without the stop codons?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 61
  • not including methionine: 60
25
What is an Exon?
a coding segment
26
What is an Intron?
a non-coding segment of mRNA that intervenes between coding segments
27
What does an Intron that is cut off become? | What cuts it off?
- it becomes a lariat - it is cut off by a spliceosome
28
What does it mean that Eukaryotes are Monocistronic?
1 gene codes for 1 amino acid
29
What is the 5' is also called?
- leading strand - promoter
30
What is the 3' also called?
- lagging strand - Poly A Tail
31
What type of cell is Polycistronic? | What does it mean?
- prokaryotes - 1 gene codes for multiple amino acids
32
What is an operon? | What are the 2 types?
- set of regulatory genes in prokaryotes that act as a single unit - inducible operon - repressible operon
33
Inducible Operon | define and provide an example
- turned on in the presence of the substrate - ex: lac operon (lactose turns on in the presence of lactase for dairy)
34
Repressible Operon
turned off by accumulation of the end product
35
What is mutation?
- stable change/manipulation on a gene - can have positive or negative effects
36
What are the 3 ways that mutation can occur? | define them
- predisposition (genetically inherited) - behavioral (what expose your body to) - spontaneous (just change, don't know why)
37
What are the 2 types of Mutation?
- Point Mutation - Frameshift Mutation
38
What is Point Mutation?
mutation takes place on a base (point), or on more than on base
39
What are the 3 types of Point Mutation?
- Missense Mutation - Nonsense Mutation - Silent Mutation
40
What is Missense Mutation? | Provide Example
- the mutation results in the synthesis of a different amino acid - ex: UUU creates Phenylaline, but if one U is replaces with A, it produces Leucine
41
What is Nonsense Mutation? | Provide Example
- a normal codon becomes a stop codon (or vice versa) - ex: UUU = Phenylalanine. If becomes UAA = stop codon
42
What is a Silent Mutation?
- mutation that may not result in the secretion of a different amino acid - ex: UUU -> UUC = Phenylalanine (redundancy)
43
What is Frameshift Mutation?
the frame shifts after deletion or insertion of one base or pair of bases, creating nonfunctional molecules and issues
44
What are the 2 types of Frameshift Mutation? | Provide Definitions
- Deletion Mutation (delete one or pair of bases) - Addition/ Insertion Mutation (addition of one base or pair of bases)
45
What is a Reading Frame?
the correct nucleotide sequence on a chromosomal strand (gene)
46
What are the 3 Modes of Gene Transfer?
- Conjugation - Transformation - Transduction
47
What is gene conjugation?
- transfer of genes through a sex pili (donor and recipient) - there is direct contact - plasmid is transferred
48
What is gene transformation?
- assimilation (through genetic alteration) of degenerated genome from the habitat/environment - no direct contact
49
What is gene transduction?
- transfer of gene through bacteriophage - no direct contact
50
What are Transposons?
- transposable segments of DNA, able to move from one location on the genome to another - AKA "jumping genes"
51
What are the 2 types of Transposons? | provide definitions
- Direct Repeat: bases are repeated further down same chromosome and complemented on next strand (2 strands) - Inverted Repeat: bases are complemented (inverted) on same strand (1 strand)

Microbiology (12 decks)

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