Exam 2 Review Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Restriction Endonuclease
A
enzyme that breaks the phosphodiester bonds btwn nucleotides, forming palindromes
2
Q
What are 3 examples of Restriction Endonucleases?
A
- EcoR1
- Hind III
- Hae III (cuts through middle)
3
Q
Does mutation have negative effects?
A
mutation can have positive or negative effects
4
Q
Can Biotech be use in Forensics?
A
Yes, can be used to test hair, skin, blood or semen samples
5
Q
What are the 4 fundamental methods of biotech?
Define them
A
- Gel electrophoresis: DNA is placed in “sample well”, as it moves towards positive pole creates “band widths”. Looking for matching band widths”
- Southern blot: detect specific DNA sequence in DNA sample
- Gene probe: detect specific DNA complement in DNA sample
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): turn single copy of a few bases into several bases
6
Q
Intrinsic Property of the DNA molecule
A
the way DNA acts in a test tube in a lab is the same way it acts in nature
- if heated, helicase will unwind
- If cooled, it will reform
7
Q
What are the stop codons?
A
- UAA
- UAG
- UGA
8
Q
What is the start codon?
A
AUG (methionine)
9
Q
What is the Central Dogma?
A
- DNA is the start of everything
- DNA transcribes to mRNA which translates to protein
10
Q
What is the net total of ATP molecules that are synthesized during the breakdown of one molecule of carbohydrate?
A
2 net/ 4 total
11
Q
Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes?
A
cytosol
12
Q
How many cycles are there in the Krebs cycle?
A
8 steps, 2 cycles
13
Q
How many total ATP molecules are synthesized during ETC?
A
34
14
Q
Where does ETC take place in prokaryotes?
A
plasma membrane
15
Q
Name the 3 steps of cellular respiration
A
- Glycolysis (substrate level phosphoryl relation)
- Krebs cycle/Citric Acid
- ETC (chemiosmosis/oxidative phosphorylation)
16
Q
Which phase of cellular respiration produces the most ATP molecules?
A
ETC
17
Q
What are endonuclease?
A
- enzymes secreted by microbes
- restricted where they cut off DNA molecules, producing palindromes
18
Q
Are microbes found everywhere?
A
yes
19
Q
What is an enzyme?
A
catalyst that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed at the end
20
Q
What is metabolism?
A
all chemical processes that take place in a cell/organism
21
Q
What is an apoenzyme?
A
- protein portion of holoenzyme
22
Q
What is a holoenzyme?
A
- AKA conjugated enzyme
- composed of protein molecules (apoenzyme) and nonprotein molecules (cofactor)
23
Q
Give an example of a cofactor
A
- organic (coenzyme): vitamin
- inorganic (metallic): trace elements (zine, silicone, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese)
24
Q
What is an example of a coenzyme?
A
vitamins
25
What is the name of the type of enzyme that functions inside the cell?
endoenzyme
26
What is the name of the type of enzyme that functions outside the cell?
exoenzyme
27
Glycolysis is also called substrate-level phosphorylation (T/F)
True
28
How many ATP molecules are created from FADH2 during carbohydrate metabolism?
2 times 2 FADH2 = 4
29
How many ATP molecules of NADH?
3 times 10 NADH = 30
30
What is the genome?
all genetic makeup of a cell
31
The expression of the genetic trait is known as
phenotype (physical, observable)
32
What is a phenotype?
- expression of genetic traits (physical, observable)
- ex: I can see that you're tall
33
What is a genotype?
- genetic makeup of organism
- ex: recessive and dominant traits carried
34
What is the subunit of nucleic acid?
nucleotide
35
What is an example of a nucleotide?
AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
36
What are the nitrogenous bases
- adenine
- thymine (uracil)
- guanine
- cytosine
37
What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?
- Pyrimidine: C, T(U)
- Purine: A, G
38
DNA is used as a ___ to make RNA
template
39
What are the three models of DNA replication?
- Conservative Model: 2 old strands, 2 new strands (conserve as much of original as possible)
- Semi-Conservative Model: 1 old strand, 1 new strand and 1 new strand, 1 old strand
- Dispersive Model: old segments and new segments alternate
40
What are the 6 enzymes involved in DNA duplication?
- Helicase (Primosome)
- Primase (Primosome)
- DNA polymerase III
- DNA Polymerase I
- Ligase
- Gyrase
41
Helicase
- enzyme involved in DNA duplication (Primosome)
- unwinds double helix to create templates
42
Primase
- enzyme involved in DNA duplication (Primosome)
- RNA primer that initiates insertion into DNA molecule
43
DNA Polymerase III
- enzyme involved in DNA duplication
- makes okazaki fragments of DNA
- identifies problems (cuts and knicks on strand of chromosome)
44
DNA Polymerase I
- enzyme involved in DNA duplication
- fixes the knicks and cuts
- removes Primase (RNA primer)
45
Ligase
- enzyme involved in DNA duplication
- joins the okazaki fragments together
46
Gyrase
- coils the double helix together
47
Topoisomerase
- honorable mention enzyme in DNA duplication
- relieves tension once helix is unwinded
48
Where do Okazaki fragments form?
DNA Polymerase III
49
What is the deliberate removal of genetic material from one organism and insertion into another called?
genetic engineering (biotechnology)
50
DNA manipulation is referred to as
genetic engineering/modification
51
What is Biotechnology?
- using microbes to create products/substances for use by humans
52
What was the first synthetic drug?
- chloral hydrate
- Salvarsan (without side effects)
53
What are the properties of an ideal drug?
-Reversability
- Predictability
- Ease of Administration
54
What are the 2 types of radiation?
| Provide Examples
- ionizing (x-ray, cathode ray, gamma ray, microwave)
- non-ionizing (UV rays, thymine)
55
Does food irradiation change the taste of food?
No
56
What is a tincture of iodine?
- iodine + alcohol
57
Another name for Chlorhexidine?
Biguanides
58
What is Chloramine made up of?
Chlorine + Ammonia (Amino)
59
Oligodynamic Action
when heavy metals (copper, gold, zinc, silver) kill microbes
60
Another name for pressurized moist heat
sterilization (Autoclave)
61
Examples of ionizing radiation (4)
- X-ray
- Cathode ray
- Gamma ray
- Microwave
62
Examples of non-ionizing radation
- UV rays
- thymine
63
What are the units of autoclave?
- PSI: 15
- Temp: 121C
- 10-40 min
64
What does HEPA filter stand for?
- High Efficiency Particulate Air
65
Examples of Pasteurization
- Batch Method (63.3C for 30 min)
- Flash Method (75.5C for 15 min)
- must maintain flavor and nutritional value
66
Examples of Direct Repeat
- sequence moves to other end of strand.
- complemented on the second strand
67
Examples of Inverted Repeat
- complemented later down same strand
68
What is Intron?
- non-coding segment of mRNA that intervenes between coding segments
69
What is an intron called after it is cut off?
lariat, cut off by spliceosome
70
What is Exon?
- coding segment
- Ligase comes to join exons together to secrete and synthesize amino acids
71
Anti-parallel
chromosomes are anti-parallel
72
Reduction Rx
- gain of electrons
73
Oxidation Rx
loss of electrons
74
The three parts of the Beta Lactams?
- beta-ring
- thiazolidine ring
- side chain (variable R group)
75
Beta Lactams destroy the _______ of the bacteria.
cell wall
76
Examples of Beta Lactams
Penicillins
- ticarcillin
- nafcillin
- vancomycin
77
What are drugs that target the cell membrane of a microbe?
- polymyxin
78
How do polymixins affect microbes?
create a whole on the cell membrane, allowing particles to move in and out the membrane at will (affecting the balance)
79
What is the function of the nucleoid?
transcribes DNA to mRNA and translates to make protein molecules
80
Examples of drugs that target the nucleoid
- quinine
- quinone
- quinolone
- rifampin
- anti-parasitic drugs
81
What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
protein synthesis
82
Drugs that destroy the 30s ribosome of prokaryotes are called
aminoglycosides
83
Drugs that destroy the 50s ribosome of prokaryotes are called
- macrolides
84
What is the function of the metabolic pathway of a cell?
to provide the cell with nutrients
85
What drugs are used to impede metabolic pathways?
| What are 4 examples?
PABAs
- sulfa
- sulfonamide
- sulfanilamide
- trimethoprim
86
PABA stands for _____
Para-AminoBenzoic Acid
87
3 types of RNA
- mRNA (messenger)
- tRNA (transfer messages)
- rRNA (ribosomal; packaging different protein molecules)
88
Rule of Chargaff
- Where there is Adenine, there is Thymine (Uracil) joined by double hydrogen bonds
- Where there is Cytosine, there is Guanine, joined by triple hydrogen bonds
89
