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Microbiology > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 methods of microbial growth control?

A
  • physical
  • chemical
  • mechanical
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2
Q

What are 2 examples of using dry heat for microbial control?

A
  • dry oven
  • incineration
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of physical control for microbial growth?

Provide Examples

A
  • heat (dry and moist)
  • radiation (ionizing and non-ionizing)
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4
Q

What is the pro/con of using dry heat for microbial control?

A
  • pro: inexpensive
  • con: lose use of item
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5
Q

What are 2 types of moist heat for microbial control?

A
  • pressurized (sterilization)
  • non-pressurized
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6
Q

What is used for pressurized moist heat microbial growth control?

Be specific

A

Autoclave
- PSI: 15
- Temp: 121C
- Time: 10 - 40 min

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7
Q

What are examples of non-pressurized moist heat for microbial growth control?

A
  • hot water
  • boiling water
  • pasteurization
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8
Q

What is a requirement for pasteruization?

A

must maintain flavor and nutritional value

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9
Q

What are 2 methods for pasteurization?

Provide specifications

A
  • batch method: 63.3C for 30 mins
  • flash method: 75.5C for 15 sec
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10
Q

What are examples of ionizing radiation?

A
  • x-ray
  • cathode ray
  • gamma ray
  • microwave (food irradiation)
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11
Q

What is an example of non-ionizing radiation?

A

UV-rays

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12
Q

What is an example of Chemical control of microbial growth?

A

Chemotherapy: using a chemotherapeutic agent

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13
Q

What is an example of mechanical control of microbial growth?

A

HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air)

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14
Q

What elements are used to control microbial growth?

Provide examples

A
  • Halogens
  • ex: iodine
  • ex: chlorine
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15
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

AKA?

A
  • infections acquired during hospital stay
  • AKA HAI (Healthcare Acquired Infection)
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16
Q

Drug Susceptibility Testing

AKA?

A
  • test that informs physican which drug to prescribe
  • AKA Kirby Bauer
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17
Q

How are antibiotics produced?

A

naturally secreted chemcials by microbes to destroy or inhibit other microbes

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18
Q

When do we use filtration to control microbes?

A

HEPA filter

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19
Q

Which portal of entry is used most?

A

respiratory (nostrils)

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20
Q

What is oligodynamic action?

A
  • using small amounts of heavy metals to inhibit or destroy a wide range of microbes
  • ex: coins, doorknob, cutlery, keys
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21
Q

Drugs are perfect (T/F)

A

there are no perfect drugs (only ideal) all drugs have side effects/some degree of toxicity

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22
Q

Beta Lactam are composed of…

A
  • beta-lactam ring
  • thiazolidine ring
  • variable R side chain
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23
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

the use of drugs to treat any infection

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24
Q

What is pasteurization?

Study These Flashcards
A

when we use heat at intervals intermittently to lower the microbial load

25
What are macrolides?
drugs that inhibit or destroy 50s of prokaryotic ribosome
26
What are aminoglycosides?
drugs that inhibit or destroy 30s subunit of prokaryotic ribosome
27
What are polymyxins?
drugs that create holes on the cell membrane of microbes
28
What is superinfection? | provide an example
- infection that dvelops after the administration of a drug - ex: taking broad-spectrum drug that kills good bacteria
29
What is therapeutic index?
- the relationship between the efficacy of a drug and its side effect - how effective the drug is against the side effect
30
Broad spectrum drugs
will inhibit or destroy both gram positive AND gram negative bacteria
31
Narrow spectrum drugs
will inhibity or destroy gram positive OR gram negative bacteria
32
Properties of drugs (10)
- efficacy - concentration of drug must get to where the infection is taking place - relatively soluble - stomach acidity - half-life - bioavailability - drug to drug interaction - permeability - chemical stability - hydrogen bonding
33
Microbicide
drugs that kill microbes
34
Microbistatic
drugs that slow down rate of microbial replication
35
Food irradiation
- when we use radiation to destroy microbes on food - does not affect taste of food, only increases shelf life - food irradiation is approved by US but not by WHO
36
Chlorhexidine | What is it? AKA?
- a disinfectant and antiseptic - AKA Biguanides
37
Signs | provide and example
- observable by the observer (objective) - ex: rash
38
Symptoms | Provide an Example
- felt by the patient (subjective) - Ex: if I tell you I have a stomach ache, how do you know? Can only go by what patient states
39
Stages of clinical infection
- Incubation - Prodromal - Invasion/Infection - Convalescent
40
What is Incubation?
- the 1st stage of clinical infection - initial entry of microbe into body - no multiplication yet. May be no sings or symptoms
41
What is Prodromal?
- 2nd stage of clinical infection - starts to multiply a little bit (no infection yet) - vague feeling of fatigue, might feel the disease incoming
42
What is Invasion?
- 3rd stage of clinical infection - AKA infection - signs and symptoms are apparent
43
What is Convalescent?
- 4th stage of clinical infection - if survive (morbidity), micorbes and symptoms decrease
44
HEPA
- mechanical control of microbes (through filtration) - High Efficiency Particulate Air
45
Parameters for Autoclave
PSI: 15 Temp: 121C Time: 10 - 40 min
46
Microbiota
non-pathogenic microbes that naturally inhabit the human body
47
What are the two types of microbes that compose microbiota?
- microflora (plant-like) - microfauna (animal-like)
48
What is infection?
microbes enter the body through portals of entry and start to multiply
49
TDT
- Thermal Death Time - minimal time it takes to destroy a microbe in a sample populetion at a specified temperature
50
Sterilization
- complete and total elimination of all micro forms - eradication of endospores and vegetative cells
51
Initial colonization of the newborn | AKA?
- AKA Innate Immunity - babies develop resistance to mirobes in environment
52
Microbe free areas of the body
everywhere except colon (large intestine)
53
PABA | Provide Examples
- drugs that interrupt the metabolic pathway and keep bacteria from getting food - sulfa - sulfonamide - sulfanilamide - trimethoprim
54
Salvarsan
first synthetic drug without heavy side effects
55
Halogens | Examples:
- elements used to control microbial growth - ex: iodine - ex: chlorine
56
Tincture of Iodine
Iodine + alcohol
57
Universal Blood and Bodily Precaution
- you must assume everyone else is infectious, so have to protect yourself by wearing PPE - ex: HIV
58
Infectious Dose
minimum number of microbes required to initiate an infection
59
Types/Patterns of Infection (9)
- localized - systemic - focal - mixed/polymicrobial - primary - secondary - super - acute - chronic

Microbiology (12 decks)

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