The Body's Defense Mechanism

Question 1

What are the mechanisms the body uses to defend itself?

Answer 1

• Nonspecific Mechanism
• Specific Mechanism

Question 1

How many mechanisms does the body use to defend itself?

Answer 1

two

Question 2

What is an antigenic molecule?

Answer 2

one that stimulates the secretion of antibodies (Ab)

Question 3

Recognition Concept

Answer 3

when antigens enter the body, first thing the body tries to do is recognize them

Question 4

What is another name for antibody?

Answer 4

immunoglobulin (Ig)

Question 5

How many classes of immunoglobulins are there?

And what are they?

Answer 5

• 5
• IgA
• IgD
• IgE
• IgG
• IgM

Question 6

What is the function of IgE?

Answer 6

• responsible for allergies, releasing histamine
• parasitic infection
• monomer

Question 7

What is the function of IgA?

Answer 7

• primary antibody in secretions
• found in saliva, breast milk,
• dimer

Question 8

What is the function of IgG?

Answer 8

• usually produced first during immune reaction
• crosses the placenta (from mother to fetus)
• monomer

Question 9

What is the function of IgM?

Answer 9

• good for bacteria agglutination (binding/clumping)
• pentomer
• too big to pass through placenta (opposite of IgG)

Question 10

What is the function of IgD?

Answer 10

• helps the B cells to recognize antigens
• membrane-bound monomer

Question 11

What are other terms for Nonspecific Mechanism?

Answer 11

• Innate Immunity
• Natural Immunity
• Genetic

Question 12

What are other terms for Specific Mechanism?

Answer 12

• Acquired Immunity
• Adaptive Immunity

Question 13

What is an example of a disease required adaptive immunty?

Answer 13

AIDS

Question 14

How many lines of barrier are there?

AKA?

Answer 14

• AKA lines of defense
• 3 of them

Question 15

Which line of defense belongs to the specific mechanism?

Answer 15

3rd line of defense/barrier

Question 16

What are examples of the first line of defense? (11)

Answer 16

• skin
• sweat
• tears
• saliva
• coughing
• sneezing
• blinking
• vomiting (anti-peristalsis)
• nasal hairs
• shedding of skin cells
• stomach acid

Question 17

What is secreted by saliva, sweat, and tears for defense?

Answer 17

• lysoszyme
• destroys the cell wall of most bacteria

Question 18

What is secreted by sweat and tears for defense? (not saliva)

Answer 18

• defensin
• kill bacteria by destroying the cell wall

Question 19

Hapten

Answer 19

foreign substance so small the immune system doesn’t recognize them as foreign substances

Question 20

What is the name for a foreign substance so big that it is immediately recognized by the immune system

Answer 20

super-antigen

Question 21

Phagocytosis

Answer 21

cells engulfing/swallowing/ingesting of bacteria

Question 22

What are examples of the 2nd line of defense? (4)

Answer 22

• phagocytic WBC
• NK Cells
• Antimicrobial Proteins
• Inflammation

Question 23

What comprises the 3rd line of defense?

Answer 23

immune system: B/T Cells

Question 24

What are the functions of NK Cells?

Answer 24

- while kiling foreign substances, they also die (kamikaze cells) - detect cancer cells early - first to appear to fight viral cells

Question 25

What are phagocytic WBCs?

Answer 25

- neutrophils - eosinophils - monocytes - macrophages (transformed from monocytes) - basophils

Question 26

Identify APCs

Answer 26

antigen presenting cells - macrophages - dendritic cells

Question 27

What are Antimicrobial Proteins?

Answer 27

proteins molecules that kill microbes

Question 28

What is the first WBC to appear at an area of tissue damage and bacterial infection?

Answer 28

Neutrophil

Question 29

What WBC comprises 60 - 70% of total WBCs in the body?

Answer 29

neutrophil

Question 30

What percentage of total WBC do Eosinophils comprise?

Answer 30

1.5 - 3%

Question 31

Characteristics of Eosinophils

Answer 31

- limited phagocytic activity - attracted to sites of parasitic infection

Question 32

What percentage of total WBCs do Monocytes compose?

Answer 32

3 - 7%

Question 33

What are macrophages? | What do they do?

Answer 33

- matured monocytes - have ability to swim in interstitial space looking for hiding microbes - then attached to microbes and secrete chemicals that will alert immune system to come detroy them - APCs

Question 34

What are Dendritic Cells?

Answer 34

- APCs - have long arms to go in between cells and grab the microbes

Question 35

What percentage of total WBCs do Basophils comprise?

Answer 35

0.5%

Question 36

Characteristics of Basophils

Answer 36

- secrete histamine for inflammatory allergy reaction (running nose, red eyes, sneezing...) - secrete pyrogens

Question 37

What is a pyrogen?

Answer 37

chemical secreted by basophils that induce a mild fever to stop spread of microbes

Question 38

What is an example of an anti-pyrogen? (2)

Answer 38

- tylenol - ibuprofen

Question 39

What are Complements?

Answer 39

~ 26 - 30 interacting protein molecules found mostly in the serum of animals - Antimicrobial Proteins

Question 40

List Examples of Antimicrobial Proteins (3)

Answer 40

- Complement System - Lymphokines - Interferon/Interleukin I and II

Question 41

Lymphokines

Answer 41

- Antimicrobial Proteins - soluble protein molecules that are produced and secreted by sensitized T lymphocytes

Question 42

Interferon/Interleukin I and II

Answer 42

- Antimicrobial Proteins - chemicals secreted to warn neighboring cells that they are infected and what type of infection they have - they may generally or specifically protect the neighboring cells

Question 43

What must occur to cells damaged by physical injury?

Answer 43

they must be replenished

Question 44

What is the body's response to physical injury?

Answer 44

inflammation

Question 45

What is diapedesis?

Answer 45

passage of blood cells from capillaries into the tissues

Question 46

Hemorrhage

Answer 46

results from prolonged diapedesis (internal bleeding)

Question 47

What are the 4 signs of Inflammation? | And their alternate names

Answer 47

- Heat -> calor - pain -> dolor - red -> rubor - swell -> tumor

Question 48

What is the antigenic determinant? | AKA

Answer 48

- special part of antigen used to determine the antigen and its shape - AKA epitope - anitbodies are then made to combat the antigen

Question 49

What are antibodies composed of?

Answer 49

- variable regions - constant regions - light chains - heavy chains

Question 50

What is FAB? | AKA?

Answer 50

- Antigen Binding Fragment - AKA Paratope - where antigens bind to the antibodies

Question 51

What does it mean that the antibody is a dimer?

Answer 51

the antibody can hold the antigen at 2 different spots

Question 52

What are the 4 characteristics of the immune system?

Answer 52

- specificity - diversity - self-nonself recognition - immunological memory (AKA anamnestic response)

Question 53

When Ab binds with Ag, what does it create?

Answer 53

Ag-Ab Complex

Question 54

What are the different types of the Ag-Ab Disposal Systems? (6)

Answer 54

- Agglutination - Opsonization - Neutralization - Complement System - Naturalization - Precipitation

Question 55

How does specificity pertain to the immune system?

Answer 55

immune system will recognize and eliminate a specific microbe

Question 56

How does diversity pertain to the immune system?

Answer 56

immune system must have the capacity to recognize the numerous types of diverse foreign substances

Question 57

Self-nonself Recognition

Answer 57

- characteristic of the immune system - ability of the immune system to distinguish itself from all others

Question 58

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 58

the immune system fighting itself at the joints

Question 59

What occurs if the immune system cannot perform self-nonself recognition?

Answer 59

autoimmune disease

Question 60

What is amnestic response?

Answer 60

- AKA immunological memory - characteristic of the immune system - ability of the immune system to remember all previously encountered moluecules so it can know how to fight them again