Viruses

Question 1

Intracellular parasite

Answer 1

Needs a host cell to live and reproduce

Question 1

Virus

Answer 1

ultramicroscopic parasitic infecting cells of various organisms

Question 2

Viral Specificity

Answer 2

ability of viral particles to infect specific host cell (will infect me but not my dog); has to have capacity to attach itself to membrane of host cell

Question 3

Viral Particle Activity

Answer 3

inactive until infect host cell, then become active

Question 4

2 Types of Viral Specificity (list & definitions)

Answer 4

Inter-specificity: infection between different cells
Intra-specificity: infection within specific cell of the body

Question 5

2 Components of a Virus

Answer 5

viral genome and viral protein molecule (capsid)

Question 6

Viral Genome

Answer 6

genetic material of virus, can be DNA or RNA; composed of nucleotide

Question 7

Capsid

Answer 7

protein coat surrounding viral genome; made of capsomers

Question 8

Nucleocapsid

Answer 8

another name for virus (protein coat surrounding genetic material)

Question 9

Capsomer

Answer 9

identical subunits of protein molecules that compose virus capsid

Question 10

Envelope

Answer 10

additional outer covering (extra capsid) of some viruses

Question 11

What are viruses without envelopes called?

Answer 11

naked virus

Question 12

4 Different shapes of Viruses

Answer 12

simple; complex (w/tail); helical (helix is capsid); icosahedral

Question 13

Bacteriophage

Answer 13

virus that infects bacteria

Question 14

Coliphage

Answer 14

virus affecting E. coli (bacteriophage)

Question 15

Sheath

Answer 15

retractable area of a coliphage virus (bacteriophage)

Question 16

Tail Pins

Answer 16

components of virus aligning with host cell membrane for infection

Question 17

“Some”

Answer 17

body/unit

Question 18

“Cyte”

Answer 18

cellular unit/cell

Question 19

What are the 2 Viral Life Cycles?

Answer 19

Lytic Cycle; Lysogenic Cycle

Question 20

Lysis

Answer 20

to break down/destroy (destructive)

Question 21

Lytic Cycle (Steps)

Answer 21

Virulent (destructive);
Steps:
1. Attachment(Adsorption)
2. Entry(Penetration): inject genome into host cell OR enter host cell
3. Uncoat the capsid
4. Integrate viral genome with host cell
5. Biosynthesize genome and protein
6. Assemble genomes and capsids together (Virion)
7.Release (most likely enveloped and spiked)

Question 22

Virulent factor

Answer 22

degree to which something is destroying something else

Question 23

Virion

Answer 23

newly assembled virus with capacity to infect nearby cells

Question 24

When do spikes develop on a virus?

Answer 24

when the Virion exits host cell

Question 25

Lysogenic Cycle (Steps)

Answer 25

1. Attachment(Adsorption) 2. Entry(Penetration) 3. Uncoat capsid 4. Integrate into host DNA (Prophage/provirus)

Question 26

Prophage

Answer 26

virus when it integrates into host DNA during lysogenic cycle (AKA provirus)

Question 27

Lysogenic Conversion

Answer 27

virus lays dormant until stress or illness activates them to multiply (lytic cycle continues)

Question 28

Example of a Persistent Infection (Explain)

Answer 28

Chicken pox; a person can survive it as a child. The turns 30, becomes stressed and develops shingles

Question 29

Viral Classification: Order (Name ends with, how many, examples(3))

Answer 29

Virales; 3; Caudaovirales; Mononegavirales; Nidovirales

Question 30

Viral Classification: Family (Name ends with, how many)

Answer 30

Viridae; 63

Question 31

Viral Classification: Genus (Name ends with, how many, example)

Answer 31

Virus; 263; Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Question 32

Viral Classification: Species (Naming system, how many, example)

Answer 32

numerous name: type -> class -> A - E Ex: HSV-1 (Influenza A)

Question 33

What can Human Papilloma virus (HPV) develop into?

Answer 33

cervical cancer or anal cancer

Question 34

What can Hep B develop into?

Answer 34

liver cirrhosis (cancer)

Question 35

What can Epstein Barr Virus develop into?

Answer 35

Burkitt's Lymphoma

Question 36

List the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell

Answer 36

Normal cell -> Viral Cell -> transformed cell -> tumor cell -> cancer cell (benign OR malignant)

Question 37

What the cytopathic effects a cell must undergo to become a transformed cell? (6)

Answer 37

change in shape and size; multinucleated cells; cell lysis(break up); cell fusion; increase in granules; alteration of gene(DNA)

Question 38

Syncytium

Answer 38

fusion of normal cells

Question 39

What is the function of granules in cells?

Answer 39

store proteins and nutrients

Question 40

Benign Cancer Cell

Answer 40

localized at one point; does not replicate; usually isn't harmful

Question 41

Malignant Cancer Cell

Answer 41

metastasizes (spreads)

Question 42

Special Types of Viruses (List)

Answer 42

Complex; Prions; Satellite Viruses; Viroid

Question 43

Complex viruses (example)

Answer 43

capsid not composed of proteins, rather lipoproteins Ex: pox virus (chicken pox, monkey pox, small pox)

Question 44

Prions

Answer 44

no genome, rather malformed and misfolded protein molecules; cause neurodegenerative diseases (Encephalopathies)

Question 45

What disease can Prions cause?

Answer 45

neurodegenerative diseases (Encephalopathies) Ex: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

Question 46

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Animal Infection Examples

Answer 46

Cow: Mad Cow Disease Goats and Sheep: Scrapie Disease Elk: Wasting Disease Humans: Creutzfield Jakob Syndrome (CJS)

Question 47

Satellite Viruses (examples (2))

Answer 47

dependent viruses- will not infect someone unless they are already infected by another virus Ex: Delta Agent Virus (will only infect if already have Hep B) - Now called Hep D Ex: Adeno Associated Virus (AAV) - only if infected with Adenovirus)

Question 48

Viroid

Answer 48

plant virus; no protein, rather small pieces of naked RNA genome

Question 49

Viral infection is the cause of most what?

Answer 49

acute infections; when illness has unknown affliction, usually blame it on viruses

Question 50

Viral Treatment

Answer 50

symptoms (rest, pump with fluids); anti-viral drugs

Question 51

Diagnosis for Viruses

Answer 51

test for antibody to the virus

Question 52

Central Dogma of Life

Answer 52

Everything we do starts with DNA; DNA gives instructions (transcription) to RNA, RNA then secretes (translation) to appropriate protein molecule

Question 53

Morbidity

Answer 53

number of species that are infected in a population

Question 54

Genetic engineering

Answer 54

manipulation of the gene (plasmid)

Question 55

What type of virus secretes reverse transcriptase?

Answer 55

Retrovirus (HIV)

Question 56

What type of viral strand uses viral RNA and immediately translates to viral protein?

Answer 56

positive-sense single-strand RNA (pos-sense ssRNA)

Question 57

Negative-sense single strand RNA

Answer 57

Viral RNA converts to +ssRNA then synthesizes to V-protein