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Human Interactions with Microbes Flashcards

Exam 3 (53 cards)

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1
Q

Infection

A

microbes enter the body through portals and start to multiply

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2
Q

Disease

A

microbes spread to tissues and organs

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3
Q

Carrier State

A
  • human may be carrying microbes but may not be exhibiting signs and symptoms
  • microbes are established but disease is not apparent
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4
Q

What is it called when disease starts to cause permanent damage to tissues and organs?

A

sequelae

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5
Q

Mortality

A

when people die from infection

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6
Q

Morbidity

A

when people survive infection

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7
Q

Mortality Rate

A

How many people are dying within a specific time range

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8
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

Out of X number of people infected, how many have survived

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9
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of how often and severity of disease occurances in populations

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10
Q

What is the name of the federal agency responsible for keeping account of the spread of infections and diseases in our communities?

Where is the headquarters?

A

Center for Disease Control (CDC) & Prevention

Atlanta, GA

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11
Q

Portals of Entry (5)

Which is portal most used?

Non-Inclusive

A
  • Mouth
  • Skin
  • Nostrils (most frequented)
  • Eye
  • Ear
  • Anything with holes for entry
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12
Q

Portals of Exit (4)

Non-inclusive

A
  • Anal
  • Mouth (saliva)
  • Nostrils
  • Blood
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13
Q

Microbiota

A
  • Non-pathogenic microbes that naturally inhabit the human body
  • AKA normal flora
  • Can change from non-pathogenic to pathogenic when immune system is compromised (enodgenous infection)
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14
Q

Endogenous Infections

A
  • Infections caused by bacteria that are already within our body
  • when normal, sterile/non-pathogenic flora becomes infected/pathogenic
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15
Q

Provide an example of endogenous infection

A
  • We all have HSV1 (non-pathogenic)
  • when we are stressed, they multiply and we grow blisters and cold sores from HSV1 (pathogenic)
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16
Q

What are the 2 types microbes that Microbiota are composed of?

A
  • Microflora (plant-like)
  • Microfauna (animal-like)
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17
Q

What is an example of Microflora?

A

fungal infection between our toes

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18
Q

Probiotics

A

good microbes we encapsulate to take as supplements to increase the level of good bacteria in our body to help fight off the bad bacteria

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19
Q

Prebiotics

A

food that helps the good bacteria to grow

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20
Q

Exogenous Infection

A

when the bacteria comes from outside the body

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21
Q

Microbiome

A

totality of all genetic materials

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of pathogens?

Provide definitions

Study These Flashcards
A
  • True: microbe that will cause infection in healthy individual
  • Opportunistic: microbe that will cause infection when the immune system is compromised
23
Q

How many lines of defense are there?

24
Q

What is required for microbes to cause infection?

Study These Flashcards
A

they have to make contact with cells

25
What are some structures that make up the 1st line of defense? (6)
- skin - mucous membranes - mucosal cells - hairs on nostrils that trap microbes as we breathe in air - hairs of eyelashes - chemical in saliva (lysosomes that will kill most of the bacteria)
26
What makes up the 2nd line of defense?(7)
- lymphocytes (neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, NK Cells) - fever - inflammation - anti microbial peptides - iron binding proteins - complement system - interferon
27
What makes up the 3rd line of defense?
Immune cells that target specific antigens (T and B cells)
28
Innate Immunity
babies develop resistance to microbes in the environment
29
Signs
- observable by the observer (objective) - ex: rash
30
Symptoms
- Felt by the patient (subjective) - ex: You can't see someone has a stomach ache. Can only go by what patient states
31
Subclinical
asymptomatic (no signs or symptoms)
32
Infectious Dose
- minimum number of microbes required to initiate an infection - the lower the infectious dose, the more infectious/pathogenic the organism is
33
What are the 4 stages of clinical infection?
- Incubation - Prodromal - Invasion - Convalescent
34
Incubation
- 1st stage of clinical infection - initial entry of microbe into body - no multiplication yet, may be no initial signs or symptoms
35
Prodromal
- 2nd stage of clinical infection - microbes slightly start to multiply - still no infection - patient may have vague feeling of fatigue and the disesae incoming
36
Invasion
- 3rd stage of clinical infection -Infection has occured - signs and symptoms are apparent - Once infected, pateint my undergo mortility (death) or morbidity (survivial)
37
Convalescent
- 4th stage of clinical infection - Stage reached if patient survivied infection (morbidity) - microbes and symptoms decrease
38
What are the microbe-free areas of the body?
- Everywhere except the large-intestine (colon) - If there are microbes elsewhere, sign of infection
39
What are the Patterns/Types of Infections? (9)
- localized - systemic - focal - mixed/poly-microbial - primary - secondary - super - acute - chronic
40
Localized Infection
infection is confined to a specific tissue or organ
41
Systemic Infection
infection is carried by bodily system (ususally circulatory) to infect entire body
42
Focal Infection
When microbe infects a tissue or organ, it breaks loose to infect another tissue or organ
43
Mixed/Poly-microbial Infection
infection caused by more than one species of microbe
44
Primary Infection
first time the microbe enters the body
45
Secondary Infection
- when a different type of microbe infects the body in a different tissue - ex: infection in ankle, then different microbe comes and infects the wrist
46
Super Infection
- infection develops after the administration of a drug - ex: take broad-spectrum drug that kills good bacteria
47
Acute Infection
- when the infection comes rapidly - usually severe (may kill a bunch) but very short lived
48
Chronic Infection
infection carries over a long period of time (persists)
49
Parasite
- derives its nutritional need from host - can be harmful or nonharmful
50
What are nosocomial infections? | AKA?
- infections aquired during hospital stay - now called HAI (Healthcare Associated Infection)
51
Drug Susceptibility Testing | AKA?
- test that informs physician which drug to prescribe - AKA Kirby Bauer
52
How are antibiotics produced?
- Naturally secreted chemicals by microbes to inhibity or destroy other microbes
53

Microbiology (12 decks)

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