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Final Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Pathogens

A

anything that causes an infection

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2
Q

tRNA

A
  • transfer RNA
  • anti-codon (opposite of mRNA)
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3
Q

DNA Polymerase

A
  • poly = many
  • enzyme that makes copies of DNA
  • DNA Polymerase III makes Okazaki fragments (copies) and identifies problems
  • DNA Polymerase I fixes those problems
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4
Q

DNA Ligase

A
  • enzyme that sews together the DNA copies (okazaki fragments)
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5
Q

Palindrome

A
  • spell it in one direction it will be the same in opposite direction
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6
Q

Semi Conservative Model of DNA Replication

A
  • results in one old strand and one new strand, one new strand, one old strand
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7
Q

Antiparallel Arrangement

A
  • DNA molecules run in opposite directions
  • one from 5’ to 3’, other one from 3’ to 5’
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8
Q

Helicase

A

enzyme that will unwind and unzip helical structure of DNA molecule

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9
Q

Sign

A

objective: observed by the observer

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10
Q

Symptom

A

subjective: felt by the patient

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11
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

to manipulate genes of organisms

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12
Q

Biotechnology

A

using microbes to produce products of human consumption

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13
Q

Characteristics of Viruses

A
  • viruses are particles made up of viral genome and viral protein molecule
  • protein molecule is called capsid
  • viral genome is called nucleotide
  • another name for virus is nucleocapsid
  • not alive, are just particles. Only become activated once inside a cell
  • ULTRAmicroscopic. can’t even see using compound microscope
  • specificity: will not infect you unless specific to their own cells
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14
Q

Helminths

A

parasitic worms

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15
Q

Taxonomic Heirarchy

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum (Division for Plants)
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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16
Q

Bioremediation

A
  • when there is oil spillage, we grow bacteria and reintroduce the bacteria into the environment as a way to stabilize the environment
  • we don’t have enzyme to be able to breakdown lipids (oil)
  • but bacteria does have the enzyme, so we use bacteria to mop up the oil spill
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17
Q

Six I’s of studying Microbiology

A
  • Inoculate
  • Incubate
  • Isolate
  • Inspect
  • Information Gathering
  • Identify
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18
Q

Types of Microbial Media

A
  • General purpose: grow different types of bacteria (Ex: TSA)
  • Enriched media: to add growth factor to the media (for fastidious bacteria) (ex: blood agar)
  • Selective Media
  • Differential media: encourages growth of more than one species, while displaying a different identification
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19
Q

Medium for Fastidious Bacteria

A

Enriched Media

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20
Q

Selective Medium

A
  • media will only allow a species of bacteria to grow while inhibiting all others from growing (ex: MSA allows Staph Aureaus to grow via yellow-gold coloration)
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21
Q

Differential Medium

A

allows more than one species of microbes to grow while allowing different physical properties to identify them (one part may be green, other part may be yellow)

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22
Q

Medium with Thioglycolic Acid

A
  • Thioglycolic Acid facilitates growth of strict anaerobic bacteria by removing the oxygen
  • creates reducing media
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23
Q

Micronutrient

A
  • small nutrients that our body needs
  • AKA Trace Elements
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24
Q

Trace Element

A
  • required for life in small amounts
  • AKA micronutrients
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25
Saprobes
- probic organism: breakdown dead organic substances as their food - ex: mold, fungi
26
Metabolism
the totality of all chemical reactions of the body
27
Apoenzyne
protein part of conjugated enzyme (holoenzyme)
28
Coenzyme
vitamins
29
Extremozyme
- enzymes that can still function under extreme conditions - ex: enzymes that function in the stomach (Acid)
30
When do infections occur?
when there is microbial multiplication
31
Important Characteristics of Antimicrobic Drugs
- there is no perfect drug (they are ideal) - should be able to get to site of infection at good concentration - should be readily available - shouldn't be expensive - must not be neutralized by stomach acidity - relatively soluble - should last a long time in circulatory system
32
What types of drugs are Sulfonamides?
- PABA: drugs that impede metabolic pathway (food source) - Para-Amino Benzoic Acid
33
Examples of antimicrobics that inhibit cell wall synthesis
beta lactams: penicillin, methicillin, ticarcillin,
34
What primary organelle do euakryotes have that prokaryotes do not?
Nucleus
35
What is a Microbe?
Organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye
36
What is spontaneous generation?
- the initial belief that organisms can spontaneously generate from nowhere - now know that is false
37
What is a Pure Culture?
culture that contains only one species of microbe
38
DNA template makes a copy of what?
RNA
39
What is transcription?
When DNA is used as a template to make RNA
40
What is an anti-codon?
- situated on tRNA - opposite of codon, which is situated on mRNA
41
What is Intron?
non-coding segment of a DNA molecule
42
What is rRNA
- ribosomal RNA - part of ribosome that helps to package secretory protein molecules
43
Examples of Termination/Stop Codons
- UAA - UAG - UGA
44
What is Sterilization?
totally destroy all microbial forms including spores and vegetative cells
45
How do we achieve sterility?
- autoclave - PSI: 15 - 121C - 10 - 40 min
46
How can endospores be killed?
using autoclave
47
What is Thermal Death Time?
the minimum time it takes to destroy all microbes in a sample population at a given temperature
48
What is Irradiation?
- using ionizing radiation (microwaves)to kill microbes on food products - WHO doesn't approve. USA does - extends shelf life without changing taste or nutrients of food
49
What are phenols or phenolics?
- chemicals that help to destroy microbes - lysol, pinesol
50
What are antibiotics?
chemicals naturally secreted by other microbes
51
What is drug susceptibilty?
- finding out which drug to prescribe for microbe - AKA antimicrobic susceptibility - AKA Kirby Bauer - AKA antibiotic sensitivity - helps physician to prescribe most effective drug
52
What is Therapeutic Index?
the relationship between the high efficacy of drug and low toxicity of drug
53
What is a superinfection?
infection that sets in after the administration of a broad spectrum drug
54
What is a semi-synthetic antibiotic?
naturally secreted chemical with an added chemical to increase its efficacy
55
Where is vitamin K produced in the body?
large intestine
56
What are exotoxins?
- toxins that are secreted by microbes - most will include toxic compound called Lipid A - includes lipopolysaccharides contained in gram-negative bacteria
57
What are enterotoxins?
- toxins secreted by microbes already in GI system - include the enterobacteria
58
What are the different stages of infection?
- Incubation - Prodromal - Invasion/Infection - Convalescent Period
59
When does the human body begin to be colonized by its normal flora?
- at birth - innate immunity is developed
60
Inflammation
- result of physical injury to tissues and organs or due to entry of a microbe - basophils and mast cells will secrete histamines and/or pyrogens which will induce mild fever - physical damage may lead to diapedesis or hemorrhaging - will also lead to vasodilation cause more blood will be carried to area. May be accumulation of fluid (edema)
61
Prodromal
- stage of infection - when we wake up with vague feeling of fatigue
62
What are Beta Lactams? Also, what is it composed of?
- drugs that destroy cell wall of bacteira - make up 90% of all antibiotics we take - Beta lactam Ring - Thazoladine ring - Variable R side chain - Rings are the aminopenicillanic acid (basic nucleus)
63
When organisms grow under CO2 environment
Capnophile
64
Anaerobic Bacteria. What enzymes does it lack?
die in the presence of oxygen b/c lack oxygen enzymes - catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase
65
Mesophile
bacteria that can grow within human body environment
66
1% silver nitrate
- ointment smeared on eyes of newborns - silver is heavy metal that can destroy wide range of microbes (oligodynamic action)
67
What are the 2 mechanisms of the body's defense against microbes?
- nonspecific - specific
68
What are the 3 lines of defense
- 1st line - 2nd line - 3rd line
69
What are the 2 innate lines of defense?
1st line & 2nd line
70
What is another name for non-specific defense mechanism?
Innate
71
What's another name for the specific defense system?
Acquired/Adaptive
72
What is another name for antibody?
Immunoglobulin
73
5 classes of Immunoglobulin
- IgA - IgG - IgM - IgE - IgD
74
Chlorahexadine
antiseptic used to clean hands and incision sight before surgery - AKA Biguanide
75
Epitope
binding region of an antigen
76
Paratope
binding region of an antibody
77
Exception to Signs and Symptoms
Fever: you can place hand on person and feel the fever

Microbiology (12 decks)

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