Barriers and Soluble Effectors

Question 1

A generalized host defense mechanism that continuously acts from the start to finish and does not adapt is called what?

Answer 1

Innate immunity

Question 2

The immediate part of the integrated system consists of what?

Answer 2

• Barriers (Mechanical, Chemical, Microbiological)

- Soluble effectors (complement, antimicrobial peptides)

Question 3

The induced part of the integrated system consists of what?

Answer 3

• Cells

- Cytokines (Interleukins, chemokines, growth factors)

Question 4

What are the two classes of molecular patterns?

Answer 4

• Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

- Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

Question 5

Tight Junctions, Longitudinal flow of air, Fatty acids, B-defensins, lamellar bodies and cathelicidins are all part of which barrier?

Answer 5

Skin

Question 6

Tight junctions, longitudinal air/fluid flow, Low pH, enzymes (pepsin), a-defensins(cryptdins), regIII (leciticidins) and cathelicidin are all part of which barrier?

Answer 6

Gut

Question 7

Tight junctions, movement of mucus by cilia, pulmonary surfactant, a-defensins and cathelicidin are all part of which barrier?

Answer 7

Lungs

Question 8

Tight junctions, teras, nasal cilia, enzymes in tears and saliva (lysozymes) histatin and B-defensins are all part of which barrier?

Answer 8

eyes/nose/oral cavity

Question 9

What cells are in the epithelium of the gut to pass antigens to dendritic cells for pathogen detection?

Answer 9

M cells

Question 10

What is an example of isolation and physical removal of a chemical barrier acting on pathogens?

Answer 10

mucus secretion and motility, such as in the lungs and other mucosal surfaces

Question 11

What is an example of targeted destruction of a chemical barrier acting on pathogens?

Answer 11

Lysozyme breaking down peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria

Question 12

Located in mucosal and glandular secretions, what protein cleaves glycosidic bonds of peptidoglycans in cell walls of bacteria, leading to lysis?

Answer 12

Lysozyme

Question 13

Located in mucosal and glandular secretions which protein binds and sequesters iron, limiting growth of bacteria and fungi, disrupts membranes and limits infectivity of some viruses?

Answer 13

Lactoferrin

Question 14

Found on the skin, and mucosal/glandular secretion, which protein blocks epithelial infection by bacteria, fungi and viruses?

Answer 14

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor

Question 15

Found on the skin and in mucosal/glandular secretions which protein disrupts membranes, binds and sequesters divalent cations and limited growth of bacteria and fungi?

Answer 15

S100 proteins (psoriasin, calprotectin)

Question 16

Found on the skin and mucosal epithelia which protein disrupts membranes of bacteria, fungi, protozoan parasites, viruses, and has intracellular toxic effects?

Answer 16

Defensins (a and B)

*creates pores in the membrane

Question 17

Found on mucosal epithelia, which protein disrupts membranes of bacteria by making mycells out of them, and has toxic effects intracellularly?

Answer 17

Cathelicidin (LL37)

Question 18

Found in secretions of respiratory tract, which protein blocks bacterial surface components and promotes phagocytosis through opsonization?

Answer 18

Surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-D

Question 19

What chemical barrier protein is found prominently in oral epithelium (periodontal sulcus)?

Answer 19

Defensins

Question 20

How can Mutualistic and Commensalistic bacteria be part of the innate immune system?

Answer 20

By forming barriers, out-competing pathogens, and through metabolic functions ( controling the levels of nutrients available)

Question 21

The immune surveillance system of plasma proteins that act in cascades to selectively kill pathogens, diseased tissue, promote inflammation, clear tissue damage and regulate tissue homeostasis is called what?

Answer 21

The Complement system

Question 22

What are 3 complement system pathways?

Answer 22

1-Classical pathway
2-Lectin pathway
3-Alternate pathway

Question 23

antimicrobial peptides cause what to happen to the pathogen?

Answer 23

membrane damage that kills the pathogen

Question 24

what do complement proteins cause to happen to the pathogen?

Answer 24

opsonization which leads to membrane damage or phagocytosis of the pathogen

Question 25

Neutrophils produce what kind of defensins?

Answer 25

alpha

Question 26

which defensins are constitutively produced by mucosal surfaces in the body?

Answer 26

beta

Question 27

what do defensins need access to on the pathogen in order to work? what needs to be removed in order for them to get at that structure

Answer 27

the plasma membrane. that means that the peptidoglycan layer needs to be removed by lysozyme in order for the defensins to be able to work properly.

Question 28

how can defensins get into the plasma membrane?

Answer 28

they are positively charged so they snuggle their way in and then they repel each other which creates pores in the membrane

Question 29

why do defensins not attack eukaryotic cells?

Answer 29

because there are different lipids in the membranes of eukaryotic cells and less proteins

Question 30

How do defensins affect the induced immune reaction?

Answer 30

they act as chemical signals which cause the immune cells to travel to the infection area via chemotaxis

they also work as signalling molecules if they interact directly with the induced immune cells

Question 31

Neutrophils secrete alpha defensins into where in the oral cavity?

Answer 31

GCF

Question 32

oral epithelium constitutively releases what?

Answer 32

beta defensins

Question 33

what detects commensal bacteria in/on our bodies to prevent inflammation?

Answer 33

pattern recognition receptors