Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

True or false?

water is dipole

A

true

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2
Q

Describe how water has a partial positive and negative charge

A

oxygen (an electronegative atom) pulls the electrons from H, resulting in a partial positive charge

oxygen’s unpaired electrons result in a partial negative charge

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3
Q

the dipole characteristic of water allows ___ bonds to form

A

hydrogen

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4
Q

True or false?

Hydrogen bonding in water imparts its relatively low viscosity, surface tension, and boiling point

A

false; high

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5
Q

Hydrogen bonding between water and polar groups of bio-molecules allows water to be an excellent ___

A

solvent

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6
Q

Hydrogen bonding also occurs between various ___ groups of bio-molecules

A

polar

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7
Q

1 dl = ___ ml

A

100

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8
Q

50 g/L = ___ g/dl

A

5

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9
Q

Equivalent units are used for ions and are based on what?

A

available charges of the ion

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10
Q

For singly charged ions, one mole = ___ equivalent

A

one

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11
Q

For doubly charged ions, one mole = ___ equivalents

A

two ex: [Mg+2]

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12
Q

True or false?

pH can affect enzyme activity

A

true

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13
Q

Define osmolarity

A

the total number of solute particles in a solution

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14
Q

1M NaCL solution is ___ Osmolar

A

2

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15
Q

True or false?

Osmolality is the number of osmoles/kg solution

A

true

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16
Q

Osmotic pressure causes movement of H2O from ___ solution to ___ solution

A

dilute; concentration

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17
Q

True or false?

Cell membranes are impermeable to H2O

A

false; permeable

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18
Q

Define tonicity

A

relationship between two solutions separated by permeable membrane

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19
Q

Two solutions with equal osmolarities are considered ___

20
Q

A solution (A) with a greater osmolarity than another (B) is ___ with respect to B

A

hypertonic

21
Q

H2O will move from a ___ solution to a ___ solution

A

hypotonic; hypertonic

22
Q

What happens to cells bathed in a hypotonic solution?

A

they swell

hint: O in hypotonic looks like swollen cell

23
Q

What happens to cells bathed in a hypertonic solution?

A

they shrink, as they become dehydrated

24
Q

Hypertonic serum may also cause cellular dehydration which is thought to play a role in the CNS problems associated with what?

A

DKA

note: ions are too concentrated in the cell; the cells need water

25
A bronsted-lowry acid does what?
can donate an H+
26
A bronsted-lowry base does what?
can accept an H+
27
True or false? | strong acids only partially dissociate
false; completely dissociate
28
What is the normal blood pH range?
7.35-7.45
29
What does a large Ka mean in regards to dissociation
Larger Ka means more dissociation
30
Ka is a measure of the ___ of the weak acid
"strength"
31
A larger Ka is a ___ acid
stronger
32
A smaller Ka is a ___ acid
weaker
33
HA -> H+ A- | adding OH- will do what to this rxn?
decrease the [H+], driving net rxn to the right
34
Define a buffer system
a system that will resist large changes in pH from strong acids or bases
35
HA -> H+ A- | A- is the ____ ___ of HA
conjugate base
36
a buffer system has its best buffering capacity when pH = ?
pKa
37
At the greatest buffering capacity, relatively large amounts of base are required for relatively small changes in pH. true or false?
true
38
A buffering region on a titration curve, gives you a clue about the AA. Alanine has 2 buffering regions, therefore, has ___ titratable weak acid groups
2
39
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+ | what enzyme reverses this reaction?
carbonic anhydrase
40
Bicarbonate is transported in the ___ to the ____
blood; lungs
41
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+ | Carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs, shifting the net reaction to the ___
left
42
What is the henderson hasselbach equation?
pH = pKa + log {A-}/{HA}
43
Keq = Ka = ?
[H+][A-}/[HA]
44
pH = ?
-log[H+]
45
DKA results in an excess of organic acids called ___ ___
ketone bodies
46
The "___" respirations are an attempt to decrease the [CO2] in the patient
kussmaul