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Biomed > BB1701 introduction to anatomy and physiology chapter 1 > Flashcards

BB1701 introduction to anatomy and physiology chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How did early medicine start?

A
  • healthcare relied on superstitions and magic
  • orginated from herbs and natural chemicals
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2
Q

What did physicians do which lead understanding the body?

A
  • made observations
  • came up with hypothesis
  • test these hypothesis to either accept or reject their theory
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3
Q

What factors stimulated interest in the human body?

A
  • attempting to understand causes of various infections, illness, loss of function
  • aimed to treat these
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4
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of the structure of body parts, their forms and how they are organised

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5
Q

What is physiology?

A

the study of functions and body parts, what they are and how they work

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6
Q

How is anatomy and physiology related?

A

the body’s functions depend on how they are structured and organised

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7
Q

Give 3 examples of how the structure of a body part makes its function possible

A
  • molars are flattened so they can grind the food
  • incisors are pointed so they can grasp and tear food
  • jointed structure on bones to grasp objects
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8
Q

What is an organism?

A
  • complete unit of life
  • ranges from single cell to complex living organisms
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9
Q

What are orgnanisms composed of?

A
  • Larger body structures are made up of smaller parts, which are composed of even smaller parts.
  • organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, molecules/atoms
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10
Q

How do body parts at different levels of organisation vary in complexity?

A

the higher the level of organisation a structure is part of, the more complex it is

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11
Q

Give the characteristics of different levels of organisation in a human.

A
  • cells: the smallest unit, composed of macromolecules, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
  • cells are organised into tissues: work together to perform a certain function
  • groups of tissues form an organ: complex structures with specialised functions
  • groups of organs form an organ system
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12
Q

Give an example of how the human body illustrates levels of organisation

A
  • cardiovascular system consists of the heart
  • the heart is composed of tissues
  • tissues consist of layers of cells
  • cells are made of organelles
  • organelles are composed of molecules and atoms
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13
Q

What are the major characteristics of life?

A

growth
reproduction
movement
responsiveness
metabolism

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14
Q

How can we define the term growth?

A

increase in cell number and size
increase in body size

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15
Q

What is reproduction?

A

production of new cells and organisms

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16
Q

Define movement

A
  • change in body position or location
  • motion of internal fluids and organs
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17
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

reaction to a change inside or outside the body

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18
Q

Define metabolism

A
  • the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system
  • energy transformation
  • nutrient cycling
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19
Q

How are the characteristics of life dependant on metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions in cells
supports life processes

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20
Q

examples of metabolism

A

respiration
digestion
circulation
excretion

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21
Q

what is digestion?

A

breaking down food into usable nutrients for adsorption

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22
Q

what is circulation?

A

moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids

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23
Q

What are the major requirements of organisms?

A

chemicals
heat
pressure

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24
Q

What is the importance of chemicals in an organism?

A
  • required for metabolic processes
  • provide the environment where metabolic processes can occur
  • carries substances
  • takes part in regulating body temperature
  • constitutes intracellular and extracellular fluid
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25
Q

what is the most abundant chemical in all living systems?

A

water

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26
Q

What is the importance of heat in an organism?

A
  • form of energy
  • product of metabolic reactions
  • the degree of heat determines the rate a reaction occurs
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27
Q

What are the different types of pressure in an organism?

A

hydrostatic
atmospheric

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28
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure?

A
  • pressure a liquid exerts due to the weight of water above them
  • prodcues blood pressure, forcing blood through vessels
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29
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

force on the outside of the body due to the weight of air above it

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30
Q

What is the importance of homeostasis to survival?

A
  • changes in the external environment affects the internal environment, affects health of cells
  • cells, tissues and organs only function properly in the presence of certain concentrations of water, oxygen, hydrogen ions, nutrients, heat and pressure
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31
Q

Describe the homeostatic mechanism?

A
  • receptors detect change in the internal environment
  • the change is compared to the set point
  • effectors respond and alter conditions in their internal environment
  • the response is activated until the change is back to normal
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32
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

moves conditions towards the normal state

33
Q

Give an example of negative feedback

A
  • when the internal body temperature decreases, receptors detect the change
  • they trigger muscles to contract involuntarily, to stimulate shivering.
  • erector cells are activated
  • blood vessels constrict so less warm blood flows through to retain heat.
  • once the body temperature has reached its set point, the effectors stop these responses.
34
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

moves conditions away from the normal state
produce unstable conditions for specific roles
short term

35
Q

Give an example of positive feedback

A

when a person cuts themself chemicals that carry out blood coagulation stimulate more clotting to minimise bleeding and conceal the cut

36
Q

identify the location of major body cavities

A

axial portion
appendicular portion

37
Q

What cavities are located in the axial portion?

A

cranial cavity
vertebral canal
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
head
neck
trunk

38
Q

What cavities (?) are located in the appendicular portion?

A

upper and lower limbs

39
Q

How are the major body cavities organised?

A

the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

40
Q

What organ is in the cranial cavity?

A

brain

41
Q

What organ is in the vertebral cavity?

A

spinal cord

42
Q

How is the thoracic cavity organised?

A
  • the wall is composed of skin, skeletal muscles, bones
  • separated by the mediastinum with lungs on either side
  • mediastinum contains most of the thoracic cavity viscera
43
Q

what is the thoracic cavity viscera?

A

includes heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus

44
Q

what does viscera mean?

A

organs within the cavity

45
Q

How is the abdominopelvic cavity organised?

A
  • extends from diaphragm
  • upper abdomen to lower pelvis
  • wall consists of skin, skeletal muscles and bones
  • composed of abdominal and pelvic cavity
46
Q

what is in the abdominal cavity?

A

stomach
liver
spleen
gallbladder
kidneys
most of the small and large intestines

47
Q

what is in the pelvic cavity?

A

it is enclosed by hip bones
- terminal of large intestine
- urinary bladder
- internal reproductive organs

48
Q

Name the small cavities within the head

A

oral
nasal
orbital
middle ear

49
Q

identify locations of membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

double layered serous membranes line the walls of these cavities and surround each organ
- between the pareital and visceral pleural membranes is a pleural cavity filled with lubricating fluid

50
Q

What is the parietal layer?

A

lines the wall of the cavity
parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity - contains lungs on either side of mediastinum

51
Q

What is the visceral layer?

A

surrounds an organ
deep and towards interior
visceral pleura covers each lung

52
Q

Which membranes are within the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  • peritoneal membrane, surrounds organs
  • parietal peritoneum
  • visceral peritoneum
  • peritoneal cavity, potential space between membranes
53
Q

Which membranes are within the thoracic cavity?

A
  • pericardial membrane, surround heart
  • visceral pericardium
  • pericardial cavity, space between membranes
  • parietal pleura, attaches to chest wall
  • pleural membrane, surround lungs
54
Q

What are the major organ systems?

A

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous system
endocrine system
cardiovascular system
digestive
lymphatic
urinary
reproductive

55
Q

Which organs are associated with integumentary system?

A

skin
hair
nails
sweat and sebaceous glands

56
Q

Which organs are associated with nervous system?

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves
sense organs

57
Q

Which organs are associated with endocrine system?

A

endocrine glands

58
Q

Which organs are associated with cardiovascular system?

A

heart
arteries
veins
capillaries
blood

59
Q

Which organs are associated with lymphatic system?

A

lymph nodes
thymus
spleen

60
Q

Which organs are associated with digestive system?

A

mouth
teeth
tongue
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

61
Q

Which organs are associated with urinary system?

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

62
Q

Which organs are associated with the male reproductive system?

A

scrotum
testes
epididymides
ductus deferentia
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
penis
urethra

63
Q

Which organs are associated with the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
clitoris
vulva

64
Q

What is an organ system?

A

includes a set of interrelated organs which work together to perform a specialised function and contributes to homeostasis

65
Q

What is the role of the integumentary system?

A
  • protect internal structures
  • regulate body temperature
  • detects change in evironment using sensory receptors
  • synthesises specific chemicals
66
Q

What is the role of the skeletal system?

A
  • provide framework for body
  • protect internal organs
  • shield for soft tissue
  • movement
  • produce blood cells
  • store inorganic ions
  • attachments for muscle tissues within bones
67
Q

What is the role of the muscular system?

A
  • provide force to move body parts
  • maintain posture
  • souce of body heat
68
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A
  • regulates and adjusts organ function for homeostasis
  • cells communicate via nerve impulses
  • integrate information from receptors
  • respond to information by stimulating muscles and glands
  • exerts short term effect
69
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system?

A
  • regulates and adjusts organ function for homeostasis
  • cells communicate via hormone secretion into body fluids
  • glands secrete chemical messengers
  • hormones affect target cells
  • less rapid
  • longer lasting
70
Q

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

A

transports red and white blood cells, platelets, respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout body

71
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system?

A
  • contain lymphocytes to defend the body against infection and disease
  • remove disease micoorganisms and virus from fluid
  • transport some tissue fluid back to blood strea
  • carry large fats away from digestive system to blood
72
Q

What is the role of the digestive system?

A
  • receive nutrients from the environment
  • breaks down food particles into simpler molecules absorbed across the cell membranes and into body fluids
  • eliminates waste
  • produce hormones to regulate digestive processes
73
Q

What is the role of the urinary system?

A
  • remove waste from blood
  • maintains water, electrolyte and acid-base balance
  • produces urine
  • transports urine out the body
74
Q

What is the role of the male reproductive system?

A
  • produce and maintain sperm
  • produce hormones that develop the male body
  • transfers sperm to the female reproductive tract
75
Q

What is the role of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce and maintain oocytes
  • produce hormones that develop female body
  • receives sperm for fertilisation
  • development of embryo and fetus
  • birth
  • nourish infant
76
Q

what are the relative positions?

A

superior - above
inferior - below
anterior - front
posterior - back
medial - midline, left and right
lateral - toward side, away from midline
bilateral - paired, each side of midline
ipsilateral - same side
contralateral - opposite sides
proximal - close to attachment
distal - far from attachment
superficial - near surface
peripheral - outward
deep - more internal

77
Q

What are the 5 different body sections?

A

sagittal - lenghtwide, left + right
median - divided 4 diffrrent parts
parasagittal - sagittal lateral to midline
transverse - divide horizontally
frontal - divide front and back

78
Q

Name the different body regions

A
  • abdominal: between thorax and pelvis
  • epigastric: upper middle
  • right and left hypochondriac: each side of epigastric
  • umbilical: middle
  • right and left lateral lumbar: each side of umbilical
  • pubic hypogastric: lower middle
  • right and left inguinal iliac: each side of pubic
  • celiac: abdomen

Biomed (59 decks)

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