groups of muscles

Question 1

Muscles that flex the wrist are found on the __________ side of the forearm while those that extend the wrist are found on the __________ side of the forearm.

Answer 1

anterior
posterior

Question 2

most muscles that move the thigh have their insertions on the __________.

Answer 2

femur

Question 3

What is the role of motor neurons in skeletal muscle function?

Answer 3

Motor neurons release neurotransmitters that stimulate muscle contraction

Question 4

What effect does lack of motor neuron innervation have on skeletal muscle function?

Answer 4

The muscle is unable to contract.

Question 5

What effect does lack of motor neuron innervation have on the structure of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 5

The muscle becomes smaller in size due to lack of stimulation.

Question 6

What term describes the change in muscle structure that results from lack of innervation, use, and/or stimulation?

Answer 6

Atrophy

Question 7

What is the role of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 7

It is released by the motor neuron, crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors, stimulating the muscle cell.

Question 8

The lack of ACh in the synaptic cleft due to the effects of botulinum toxin would result in

Answer 8

lack of muscular contraction (called flaccid paralysis).

Question 9

The entry of calcium into the axon of the neuron triggers the release of __________ from synaptic vesicles.

Answer 9

acetylcholine

Question 10

If the acetylcholine-specific receptors were blocked at the motor end plate and acetylcholine could not bind with the receptors, what would happen?

Answer 10

An action potential would not be generated in the muscle fiber.

Question 11

what do muscle cells use as source of energy during strenuous exercise

Answer 11

ATP present in their cytoplasm

Question 12

how do the muscle cells produce ATP as it becomes limited?

Answer 12

muscle cells start to use creatine phosphate present in the cytoplasm

Question 13

how is ATP produced using creatine phosphate?

Answer 13

moving a phosphate and its energy from this molecule to ADP to form new ATP.

Question 14

other than creatine phosphate, what else is used to produce ATP

Answer 14

glucose is used as a fuel

Question 15

how does glycolysis use glucose?

Answer 15

the anaerobic pathway uses glucose to produce 2ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

Question 16

what happens to the pyruvic acid if there’s little or no oxygen?

Answer 16

converted to lactic acid

Question 17

what happens to the pyruvic acid if there’s oxygen?

Answer 17

pyruvic acid molecules enter the aerobic respiration pathways

Question 18

what happens in the aerobic respiration pathway?

Answer 18

oxidation of each glucose molecule will produce 30 ATP molecules.

Question 19

what is the latent period of muscle?

Answer 19

the short delay (1-2 ms) rom the time when the action potential reaches the muscle until tension can be observed in the muscle

Question 20

what is the period of contraction?

Answer 20

when the muscle is generating tension and is associated with cycling of the cross bridges

Question 21

what is the period of relaxation?

Answer 21

muscle relaxes, relieves tension or comes back to its original length.

Question 22

which muscle type release calcium into the cytosol when stimulated?

Answer 22

smooth and skeletal

Question 23

which muscle type respond to hormones?

Answer 23

smooth

Question 24

which muscle type rely on actin and myosin during contraction?

Answer 24

smooth and skeletal

Question 25

which muscle type respond to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?

Answer 25

smooth

Question 26

which muscle type are slower to contract and relax than the other muscle type?

Answer 26

smooth

Question 27

which muscle type has regularly aligned thin and thick filaments?

Answer 27

skeletal

Question 28

which muscle type can respond to neurotransmitters with inhibition of contraction?

Answer 28

smooth

Question 29

which muscle type can respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

Answer 29

smooth and skeletal

Question 30

whats the function of skeletal muscle?

Answer 30

move bones

Question 31

whats the function of cardiac muscle?

Answer 31

pump blood

Question 32

where is skeletal muscle found?

Answer 32

attached to bone

Question 33

where is cardiac muscle found?

Answer 33

wall of the heart

Question 34

how many nuclei in skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 34

multiple

Question 35

how many nuclei in cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 35

singular

Question 36

how is skeletal muscle controlled?

Answer 36

voluntarily

Question 37

how is cardiac muscle controlled?

Answer 37

involuntarily

Question 38

where are calcium ions in skeletal muscle from?

Answer 38

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 39

where are calcium ions in cardiac muscle from?

Answer 39

extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 40

which muscle type contains intercalated discs?

Answer 40

cardiac

Question 41

how is the skeletal muscle stimulated to contract?

Answer 41

each muscle cell needs to be stimulated by a neurotransmitter to contract

Question 42

how is the cardiac muscle stimulated to contract?

Answer 42

stimulation travels rapidly from cell to cell causing contraction

Question 43

what is an antagonist muscle?

Answer 43

the muscle that opposes that movement

Question 44

what is an agonist muscle?

Answer 44

the muscle that initiates a movement

Question 45

what is the synergist muscle?

Answer 45

additional muscles that assist the agonist

Question 46

which muscles move the head?

Answer 46

sternocleidomastoid splenius capitis semispinalis capitis scalenes

Question 47

which muscles aid in mastication?

Answer 47

masseter temporalis

Question 48

which muscles help facial expression?

Answer 48

epicranius orbicularis oculi orbicularis oris buccinator zygomaticus platysma

Question 49

which muscle elevates the mandible?

Answer 49

masseter

Question 50

which muscle pulls head to one side + flexes neck?

Answer 50

sternocleidomastoid

Question 51

which muscle depresses the corner of the mouth?

Answer 51

platysma

Question 52

which muscle closes the mouth?

Answer 52

orbicularis oris

Question 53

which muscle compresses the cheeks?

Answer 53

buccinator

Question 54

which muscle elevates the corner of the mouth?

Answer 54

zygomaticus

Question 55

which muscle closes the eye?

Answer 55

orbicularis oculi

Question 56

which muscles raise the eyebrows?

Answer 56

frontalis occipitalis

Question 57

whats the collective name for frontalis and occipitalis?

Answer 57

epicranius

Question 58

which muscle is an extensor?

Answer 58

triceps brachii

Question 59

which muscle is a rotator?

Answer 59

supinator pronator teres pronator quadratus

Question 60

which muscle is a flexor?

Answer 60

biceps brachii brachialis brachioradialis

Question 61

what happens if there is an excess of acetylcholine produced?

Answer 61

increased contractility in skeletal muscles

Question 62

what happens if motor neurons fire excessively?

Answer 62

increased contractility in skeletal muscles

Question 63

what happens if there is a deficiency of acetylcholine produced?

Answer 63

reduced contractility in skeletal muscles

Question 64

what happens if there is curare poisoning that blocks acetylcholine receptors?

Answer 64

reduced contractility in skeletal muscles

Question 65

what happens if there is a botulism where toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine?

Answer 65

reduced contractility in skeletal muscles