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Biomed > the blood > Flashcards

the blood Flashcards

1
Q

what system is blood associated with?

A

cardiovascular

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2
Q

what’s the function of blood?

A

transport of nutrients, gases, wastes and other biological molecules

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3
Q

which biconcave blood cells does blood contain and why are they unique?

A

erythrocytes
lack nuclei

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4
Q

what are leukocytes?

A
  • cells with large, multilobed nuclei
  • some contain abundant visible granules in their cytoplasm
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5
Q

what is plasma?

A

a fluid matrix where blood cells are suspended

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6
Q

function of plasma?

A

various types of molecules are dissolved for transport

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7
Q

what are the formed elements?

A

platelets
red blood cells
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes

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8
Q

what are the componenets of plasma?

A

electrolytes
water
proteins
nutrients
hormones

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9
Q

what are the cell fragments in the blood smear?

A

platelets

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10
Q

characteristics of red blood cell production

A
  • erythropoietin
  • developed from hematopoietic stem cells
  • developed in red bone marrow
  • from myeloid stem cells
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11
Q

characteristics of white blood cell production

A
  • interleukins and colony stimulating factors
  • develop from hematopoietic stem cells
  • developed in red bone marrow
  • from myeloid stem cells
  • from lymphoid stem cells
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12
Q

characteristics of plasma production

A
  • thrombopoietin
  • develop from hematopoietic stem cells
  • megakaryocytes
  • develop in red bone marrow
  • from myeloid stem cells
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13
Q

what is edema

A

fluid leaks into tissues
associated with plasma proteins

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14
Q

what is thrombosis

A

abnormal blood clotting
associated with platelets

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15
Q

what is leukocytosis

A

increased number of one of the formed elements
associated with wbc

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16
Q

what is anemia

A

decreased oxygen carrying ability of blood
associated with rbc

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17
Q

what is leukemia

A

cancer of leukocytes
associated with wbc

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18
Q

what is a bleeding disorder?

A

blood doesnt clot as it should
associated with plasma proteins and platelets

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19
Q

whats hematocrit

A

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

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20
Q

what’s the normal value for hematocrit?

A

45%

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21
Q

what’s the normal value for red blood cell count?

A

5,200,000 per microliter of blood

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22
Q

what’s the normal value for platelet count?

A

300,000 per microliter of blood

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23
Q

what’s the normal value for white blood cell count?

A

6,000 per microliter of blood

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24
Q

which factors affect the number of red blood cells?

A

genetics
gender
health

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25
Q

what produces rbc?

A

bone marrow

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26
Q

how long is the lifespan of rbc?

A

3 - 4 months

27
Q

what happens when rbc die?

A

destroyed by macrophages in the liver and spleen
releases iron (stored in liver) and bilirubin (excreted via intestines)

28
Q

what are the phases of erythropoiesis?

A

hemocytoblast
myeloid stem cell
erythroblast
erythrocyte

29
Q

what is a hemocytoblast?

A

the stem cell for all formed elements

30
Q

what is a myeloid stem cell?

A

gives rise to rbcs, platelets, and some wbc

31
Q

whats an erythroblast?

A

several phases in which hemoglobin is accumulating

32
Q

what happens to the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream of someone at high altitude compared to living at a lower altitude

A

amount of oxygen reduced

33
Q

what do monocytes do?

A

Phagocytizes large particles in tissues
migrates into tissues - becomes phagocyte

34
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

Provides immunity

35
Q

what do basophils do?

A

releases histamine and heparin
release chemicals that promote inflammation

36
Q

what do neutrophils do?

A

Phagocytizes small particles; first-responders at infection site
use respiratory burst to kill bacteria

37
Q

what do eosinophils do?

A

moderates allergic reactions
defends against parasitic worm infections

38
Q

what are the three types of proteins in plasma?

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

39
Q

what is the most abundant protein in plasma?

A

albumins

40
Q

whats the function of albumins?

A

determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma
transport molecules in plasma, carrying substances such as lipids, hormones, drugs

41
Q

what’s the function of fibrinogens?

A

coagulation of blood

42
Q

what is the least abundant protein in plasma?

A

fibrinogens

43
Q

what are gamma globulins?

A

a class of plasma proteins produced by lymphocytes

44
Q

what are plasma proteins synthesised by?

A

liver

45
Q

what accounts for 36% of plasma proteins?

A

globulins

46
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

Process that stops bleeding

47
Q

what are the stages of platelet plug formation?

A

break in vessel wall
blood escpaes through break
platelets adhere
platelet plug

48
Q

what increases the risk of blood clot formation?

A

Prolonged immobility

49
Q

which cell type are red blood cells formed from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

50
Q

which type of pressure do proteins in blood plasma contribute to?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

51
Q

what is a platelet plug?

A

A mass of platelets and trapped formed elements

52
Q

What is the function of clotting factors?

A

To regulate coagulation

53
Q

What is the diagnosis for abnormally high number of leukocytes?

A

Chronic leukemia

54
Q

Which disease causes a change in shape of red blood cells in environments with low amounts of oxygen?

A

Sickle cell disease

55
Q

After hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, heme decomposes into iron (which is later recycled in the bone marrow) and a greenish pigment called __________, which will later be converted into __________.

A

biliverdin
bilirubin

56
Q

what % of blood volume do white blood cells and platelets make up?

A

1%

57
Q

what do eosinophil target?

A

parasitic worms

58
Q

why is having an adequate RBC count important?

A

ensures that tissues will receive enough oxygen to function

59
Q

what happens if oxygen delivery to tissues is reduced?

A

the homeostatic response is to produce more red blood cells.

60
Q

what happens if tissues of the kidney sense a drop in oxygen delivery?

A

erythropoietin is released into the bloodstream

61
Q

what does erythropoietin do?

A

stimulates production of more RBCs in the red bone marrow. As more RBCs enter the blood, increasing the RBC count, the oxygen delivery will improve.

62
Q

what mechanism of control is rbc count?

A

negative feedback control

63
Q

which leukocytes are granulocytes?

A

basophil
neutrophil
eosinophil

64
Q

which leukocytes are agranulocytes?

A

b lymphocyte
t lymphocyte
monocyte

Biomed (59 decks)

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