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Bad Girl's MCAT Club > Behavioral Sciences 3: Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences 3: Learning and Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

acquiring new behaviors

a change in behaviors that occurs in response to a stimulus

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2
Q

habituation

A

decreased response as a result of repeated exposure to the same stimulus

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3
Q

dishabituation

A

recovery of a response

usually as a result of a second stimulus (temporary)

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4
Q

associative learning

A

creation of an association between two stimuli or between a behavior and response

a way of pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

conditioning which uses biological/instictual responses to create associations between 2 unrelated stimuli (pavlov)

an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus

with repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

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6
Q

acquisition

A

the process of taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

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7
Q

extinction

A

occurs when an organism becomes habituated to a conditioned stimulus

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8
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

when an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented and a weak conditioned response occurs

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9
Q

generalization

A

a broadening affect

stimulus similar enough to conditioned stimulus can produce the conditioned response

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10
Q

discrimination

A

occurs when the organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli

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11
Q

operant conditioning

A

conditioning in which behavior is changed through the use of consequences

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12
Q

reinforcement

A

the process of increasing the likelihood that the organism will perform the behavior

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13
Q

positive reinforcement

A

process that hopes to increase the likeliness of behavior with incentives

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14
Q

negative reinforcement

A

process that hopes to increase the likeliness of a behavior by removing something unpleasant

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15
Q

escape learning

A

behavior is done to reduce the unpleasantness of something already existing

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16
Q

avoidance learning

A

behavior to reduce unpleasantness of something that has not yet happened

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17
Q

primary reinforcers

A

reinforcers that are unconditioned

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18
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

conditioned reinforcers

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19
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

a stimulus that indicates that a reward is potentially available

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20
Q

punishment

A

a process of decreasing the the likelihood that an organism will perform that behavior

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21
Q

positive punishment

A

hoping to reduce the occurrence of a behavior by adding something unpleasant

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22
Q

negative punishment

A

hoping to reduce the occurrence of behavior by removing something good

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23
Q

fixed-ratio schedules

A

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

ex. rewarding a rat every third time it presses button

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24
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule in which the behavior is rewarded every time it is performed

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25
variable-ratio schedule
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior after a **varying number of performances** of the behavior, but the average number of performances to receive a rewards is relatively **constant** ex. reward a rat after two button presses, then four, then eight, then six **works fastest for learning a new behavior, most resistant to extinction**
26
fixed-interval schedule
reinforcement schedule that reinforced the **first instance of a behavior after a specified time period** ex. rat gets a pellet and doesn't get another one until another 60 seconds, no matter how many additional presses afterwards
27
variable-interval schedule
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior the **first time its performed after a varying interval of time** ex. rat waits 90 seconds before next reward, then 30 sec, then 3 minutes
28
shaping
process of rewarding **increasingly specific behaviors**
29
latent learning
learning that **occurs without a reward** but is **spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is produced**
30
problem solving
**testing** behaviors until **yielding a reward**
31
preparedness
learning a behavior that **coincides** with the **organism's natural behaviors**
32
instinctive drift
**difficulty** in **overcoming instinctual behavior**
33
observational learning/modeling
learning a new behavior or gaining info **by watching others** not just imitation because one can learn to avoid behaviors too
34
mirror neurons
neurons located in **frontal and parietal lobes** fire when an individual performs an action or when he **observes someone perform an action**
35
memory
gaining knowledge that is **accumulated**
36
encoding
putting **new information into memory** can be **automatic** or **effortful** can be **visual** (weak), **acoustic**, **semantic** (strong)
37
self-reference effect
recalling info best when putting it into the **context of our own lives**
38
maintenance rehearsal
**repetition** of piece of info to keep it within **working memory** or store it in **short term** for **consolidation** into **long term**
39
short-term memory
fast and most **fleeting kind** of memory storage fades after about 30 sec without rehearsal follows **7 +- 2 rule** : limited to about 7 items housed in **hippocampus**
40
working memory
keeps a few pieces of info in our consciousness **simultaneously** and **manipulates** that info uses **hippocampus, frontal, parietal lobes**
41
long-term memory
memory that requires **elaborative rehearsal**; the result of **increased neuronal connectivity** over time memories migrate from **hippocampus** to **cerebral cortex** can be **implicit or explicit**
42
implicit/nondeclarative/procedural memory
memory which stores **skills** and conditioning effects unconscious
43
explicit/declarative memory
memory that stores **facts** (**semantic**) and **stories** (**episodic**)
44
retrieval
process of **demonstrating** that learning has been **retained** **recall**, **recognition**, **relearning** ideas are interconnected in a **semantic network** - linked together based on similar meaning
45
recall
the retrieval and **statement** of info
46
recognition
**identifying** info previously learned easier than recall
47
spacing effect
the **longer the amount of time** between sessions of relearning, the **greater the retention**
48
spreading activation
seeing one stimulus and thinking about **linked concepts**
49
priming
recall aided by **first being presented** with a word/phrase close to the desired semantic memory
50
context effect
memory aided by being in the **physical location** where encoding took place
51
state-dependent memory effect
**mental state** affects recall, better recall when in the state that encoding took place
52
serial position effect
better recall for first and last few items on a list (**primacy and recency effect**)
53
forgetting
the **loss** of memorized info
54
alzheimer's
degenerative brain disorder **loss of acetylcholine** in neurons that link to the **hippocampus** **progressive dementia** (loss of cognitive function), **memory loss**, and **brain atrophy** **retrograde amnesia** neurofibrillary tangles and **beta-amyloid plaques** **sundowning** - losing function in late afternoon/evening
55
korkasoff's syndrome
**thiamine deficiency** in the brain **retrograde and anterograde amnesia** **confabulation** - creating vivid fabricated memories, maybe brain's attempt to fill gaps in missing memories
56
agnosia
**loss** of ability to **recognize** objects, people, sounds
57
decay
memory loss over time as neurochemical trace of **short term memory fades**
58
interference
**retrieval error** caused by other **similar info** similar memories compete
59
proactive interference
**old info interferes** with new learning
60
retroactive interference
**new info causes forgetting** of old info
61
misinformation effect
impairment in memory for the past that arises after **exposure to misleading information**
62
source-monitoring error
**confusion** between **semantic and episodic memory** ex. person remembers a story that they heard as a story that happened to them
63
synaptic pruning
as we age, weak neural connections are broken and **strong ones are bolstered**
64
what are the components of the working memory model?
central executive visuospatial sketchpad phonological loop episodic buffer
65
Central Executive working memory
responsible for **monitoring and coordinating** the operation of the other systems in the working model and **links them to long term memory** supervises the **cognitive function of memory**
66
The Phonological Loop memory model
the part of working memory that deals with **spoken and written material** **phonological store** (linked to speech perception) acts as an inner ear and holds information in a speech-based form **articulatory control process** (linked to speech production) acts like an inner voice rehearsing information from the phonological store
67
The Visuospatial Sketchpad working memory
deals with **visual and spatial information.** likely plays an important role in helping us **keep track of where we are** in relation to other objects as we move through our environment displays and manipulates **visual and spatial information held in long-term memory**
68
The Episodic Buffer working memory
acts as a **'backup' store** which communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory
69
nature intelligence
ability to understand the biological aspects of the world
70
linguistic intelligence
the ability to write, speak, and read
71
intrapersonal intelligence
the ability to have insight to understand one's inner self
72
interpersonal intelligence
the ability to understand and associate with other people
73
mathematical intelligence
the ability to perform in numbers
74
spatial intelligence
the ability to see and process the world (space) that surrounds you
75
musical intelligence
the ability to compose and/or perform musically
76
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
the ability to perform athletically
77
general intelligence
an intelligence that underlies all types of intelligence
78
emotional intelligence
refers to one's ability to understand, sympathize/empathize, regulate, and express one's emotions
79
Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
includes **experiental**, **componential**, and **contextual** intelligence
80
experiental intelligence / creative intelligence
the ability to **familiarize oneself with new circumstances and form new concepts** ex. moving to a new country and learning the new language
81
componential intelligence / analytical intelligence
the **traditional** idea of intelligence ability to **logically reason and think abstractly, comunicate and think mathematically** can be evaulated by **intelligence tests**
82
contextual intelligence / practical intelligence / street smarts
the ability to **apply one's knowledge base to the world around them**

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