Behavioral Sciences 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

purpose/driving force behind our actions

Question 2

extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

motivation created by external forces

ex. rewards and punishments

Question 3

intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

motivation based on internal drive or perception

ex. personal gratification

Question 4

instinct

Answer 4

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

Question 5

instinct theory

Answer 5

theory that people are driven to do certain behaviors based on instincts

instincts can be conflicting and can override each other with experience

Question 6

arousal

Answer 6

psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 7

arousal theory

Answer 7

people perform actions to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Question 8

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 8

law that performance is worst and extremely high and low levels of arousal

Question 9

drives

Answer 9

internal states of tension that activate particular behavior focused on goals

Question 10

primary drives

Answer 10

drives that motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis, regulated by negative feedback loops

Question 11

secondary drives

Answer 11

drives that motivate us to fulfill non-biological, emotional, or “learned” desires

Question 12

drive reduction theory

Answer 12

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable internal states

Question 13

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 13

model that prioritizes needs into five categories:

• physiological needs
• safety and security
• love and belonging
• self-esteem
• self-actualization

Question 14

self-determination theory

Answer 14

there are three universal needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness) must be met in order to develop healthy relationships

Question 15

incentive theory

Answer 15

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Question 16

expectancy-value theory

Answer 16

the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

Question 17

opponent-process theory

Answer 17

motivation for drug use

as drug use increases, body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfy withdrawal symptoms

Question 18

emotion

Answer 18

a state of mind/feeling that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships

Question 19

physiological response

Answer 19

changes in autonomic nervous system due to emotion

Question 20

behavioral response

Answer 20

facial expressions and body language

Question 21

cognitive response

Answer 21

subjective interpretation as a result of emotion

Question 22

universal emotions

Answer 22

all humans evolved the same set of facial muscles to show the same expressions when communicating emotion

7: happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

Question 23

James-Lange theory

Answer 23

theory of emotion

the nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled afterwards

I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high

Question 24

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 24

theory of emotion

the simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action

I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing… I better GTF!

Question 25

Schachter-Singer theory

Answer 25

theory of emotion nervous system **arousal** and **interpretation of context** lead to a **cognitive response** *I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy*

Question 26

limbic system

Answer 26

the primary nervous system component involved in **experiencing emotion**

Question 27

amygdala

Answer 27

organ that processes environment, **detects external cues**, learns from person's surroundings involved with **attention and fear**, helps interpret **facial expressions,** part of the intrinsic memory system for **emotional memory**

Question 28

thalamus

Answer 28

organ for **preliminary sensory processing**

Question 29

hippocampus

Answer 29

organ that creates **long term**, **explicit**, **episodic** memory

Question 30

hypothalamus

Answer 30

organ that releases neurotransmitters that affect **mood and arousal**

Question 31

prefrontal cortex

Answer 31

involved in **planning**, expressing **personality**, **making decisions**

Question 32

ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 32

part of **prefrontal cortex** that is critical for experiencing **emotion**

Question 33

dorsal prefrontal cortex

Answer 33

part of **prefrontal cortex** that is responsible for **attention and cognition**

Question 34

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 34

part of **prefrontal cortex** that is **controlling emotional responses** from amygdala and **decision-making**

Question 35

stress

Answer 35

the physiological and cognitive response to **challenges or life changes**

Question 36

cognitive appraisal

Answer 36

**subjective evaluation** of a situation that **induces stress**

Question 37

primary appraisal

Answer 37

the **initial evaluation** of environment and the associated threat **classifying a potential stressor** as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Question 38

secondary appraisal

Answer 38

directed at **evaluating** if the organism can **cope with the stress**, based on harm, threat, challenge (**intensity**)

Question 39

stressor

Answer 39

biological element, external condition, event that **leads to a stress response** ex. pressure, control, predictability, frustration, and conflict

Question 40

distress

Answer 40

experiencing **unpleasant stressors**

Question 41

eustress

Answer 41

stress while experiencing **positive conditions**

Question 42

social readjustment scale

Answer 42

measures stress level in "**life changing units**"

Question 43

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 43

a sequence of physiological response that includes **alarm**, **resistance**, and **exhaustion**

Question 44

alarm (general adaption syndrome)

Answer 44

stage of general adaptation syndrome **initial reaction** to a stressor, activation of **sympathetic** hypothalamus send ATCH -\> **coritsol** -\> increase blood sugar or tells adrenal medulla -\> **epinephrine and norepinephrine**

Question 45

resistance (general adaption syndrome)

Answer 45

general adaptation syndrome **continous release of hormones** in response to a stressor

Question 46

exhaustion (general adaption syndrome)

Answer 46

stage of general adaptation syndrome body **can't maintain elevated response** to stressor

Question 47

lazarus theory

Answer 47

requires that **interpretation** must happen **before arousal or emotion**, which happen **simultaneously**