Biology 6: The Respiratory System Flashcards
(19 cards)
pathway of breathing
nares -> nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
surfactant
present at the alveoli
reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, preventing collapse
which pleura lies adjacent to the lung itself?
visceral pleura
which pleura lines the chest wall?
parietal pleura
what is the space that lies between the two pleurae and contains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates them?
intrapleural space
diaphragm
thin skeletal muscle that helps create pressure differential required for breathing
under somatic control
inhalation
diaphragm + external intercostal muscles
diaphragm flattens, chest expands
increasing intrapleural volume, lowering pressure
air comes in
negative-pressure breathing
mechanism of breathing whereby pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, decreasing pressure
causes air to come into the lungs from the environment
exhalation
relaxation of muscles
diaphragm raises back up, decreasing volume, increasing pressure
air leaves lungs
active exhalation
internal intercostal muscles + abdominal muscles
contract to further decrease the volume of the cavity
pushing out air
total lung capacity
the max volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely
residual volume
minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely
vital capacity
the difference between the minimum and max volume of air in the lungs
TLC - RV
the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath
tidal volume
the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath
expiratory reserve volume
the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation
inspiratory reserve volume
the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation
ventilation center
collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate ventilation
have chemoreceptors that are sensitive to CO2
increased CO2 level, increased respiration
(ventilation can also be consciously controlled by cerebrum)
what things protect the respiratory system from pathogens?
- vibrissae, mucous membranes, mucociliary escalator to filter incoming air and trap matter
- lysozyme in nasal cavity and spit can attack peptidoglycan of gram positive bacteria
- macrophages to engulf pathogens
- mucosal surfaces with antibodies
- mast cells with antibodies that release inflammatory chemicals
mucociliary escalator
cilia in internal airways propel mucus up respiratory tract in oral cavity
