Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bad Girl's MCAT Club > Behavioral Sciences 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Languge > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Languge Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

cognition

A

how brains process and react to info presented to us by the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Paivio’s dual-coding theory

A

both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store info

“dad” vs. a pic of dad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

information processing model

A
  • thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage of stimuli
  • stimuli must be analyzed by the brain (not responded to automatically) to be useful in decision making
  • decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems (situational modification)
  • problem solving is dependent not only on the person’s cognitive level, but also on context and complexity of problem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cognitive development

A

the development of one’s ability to think and solve problems across the lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

schema

A

a pattern of thought/behavior that organizes categories of info and the relationships among them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

assimilation

A

the process of classifying new info into existing schema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

accommodation

A

existing schema are modified to meet physical needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

lasts from birth - 2 years

focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions

ended by object permanence, marking the beginning of representational thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

primary circular reaction

A

repetition of body movement that originally occurred by chance that is repeated because the child finds it soothing

ex. sucking thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

repetitive manipulation of something outside of the body that occurs because the child gets a response from the environment

ex. throwing toys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

preoperational stage

A

lasts from 2 - 7 years of age

focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism, centration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

symbolic thinking

A

the ability to pretend, make-belive, and have an imagination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

egocentrism

A

the inability to imagine what others feel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

centration

A

the tendency to focus only on one aspect of a phenomenon

inability to understand conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

concrete operational stage

A

lasts from 7 to 11 years of age

focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

formal operational stage

A

begins at age 11

focuses on abstract thought and problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fluid intelligence

A

intelligence that includes problem solving skills

peaks early in adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

intelligence that uses learned skills and knowledge

peaks in middle adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

delirium

A

the rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that’s reversible and caused by medical causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

problem solving

A

requires

  • identification and understanding of problem
  • generation of potential solutions
  • testing of potential solutions
  • evaluation of results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mental set

A

a pattern of approaches for a given problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

functional fixedness

A

the tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally used, which may create barrier to problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

types of problem solving

A

trial and error

algorithms

deductive reasoning (conclusions from general rules)

inductive reasoning (generalizations from evidence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
heuristics
simplified principles used to make decisions "**rules of thumb**"
26
biases
exists when a decision maker is **unable to objectively evaluate info**
27
intuition
the ability to **act on perceptions** that may not be supported by available evidence often **developed by experience**
28
theory of multiple intelligences
7 types: ## Footnote **linguistic** **logical-mathematical** **musical** **visual-spatial** **bodily-kinesthetic** **interpersonal** **intrapersonal**
29
intelligence quotient
(mental age/chronological age) x 100
30
consciousness
one's level of **awareness** of the world and one's own existence within that world includes **alertness**, **sleep**, **dreaming**, **altered states of consciousness**
31
alertness
the state of being **awake** and able to think, perceive, process, access info and express it **beta and alpha waves** predominate on EEG **higher cortisol levels** **prefrontal cortex** activity with **reticular formation**
32
sleep stage 1
**dozing off** **theta waves** with irregular waveforms, slow frequencies, higher voltage
33
sleep stage 2
**deeper sleep** **theta waves** still present along with sleep spindles and K complexes
34
sleep stages 3 and 4
**slow wave sleep (SWS)** **Delta waves** of EEG where most **sleep disorders** occur hard to wake someone at this stage cognitive recovery, declarative memory consolidation, increased growth hormone release
35
REM sleep
**paradoxical sleep** since EEG is similar to a person that is **awake** **eye movements** and **body paralysis** **dreaming** most likely to occur here, procedural memory consolidation
36
sleep cycle
length changes throughout life from 50 min to about 90 minutes for adults children spend more time in SWS than adults **1-2-3-4-3-2-REM** or just 1-2-3-4-REM REM occurs more frequently towards the morning
37
problem-solving dream theory
dreams help **solve problems** while you are sleeping, allowing the **interpretation of obstacles**
38
cognitive process dream theory
dreams are the **sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness**
39
neurocognitive models of dreaming
tries to **unify biological and psychological perspectives** on dreaming by correlating subjective, cognitive experiences with measurable physiological change
40
dysomnias
sleep disorders that make it **hard to fall, stay, or avoid sleep**
41
insomnia
dysomnia that makes it **hard to fall or stay asleep** often brought on by anxiety or medication
42
narcolepsy
dysomnia that **removes voluntary control over the onset of sleep** often accompanied by **cataplexy** - loss of muscle control, sleep paralysis, hallucinations)
43
sleep apnea
dysomnia characterized by an **inability to breathe while asleep** can be **obstructive** (physical blockage) or **central** (brain fails to send signal)
44
parasomnia
sleep disorders characterized by **abnormal movements/behaviors during sleep** most occur during **NREM sleep**
45
night terrors
parasomnia with periods of **intense anxiety during slow wave sleep** people thrash and scream, are difficult to wake, don't remember next morning
46
sleep walking
parasomnia with **walking in sleep**
47
hypnosis
a state of consciousness in which people appear to be in control of their normal faculties but are in a **highly suggestible state** often used for pain control, psychological therapy, memory enhancement, weight loss, and smoking cessation
48
meditation
involves a **quieting of the mind** often used for relief of anxiety
49
depressants
substances that **reduce the nervous system activity** **alcohol**, **barbiturates**, **benzodiazepines** **promote or mimic GABA activity** in the brain
50
stimulants
substances that **arouse the nervous system** include **amphetamines**, **cocaine**, **ecstasy** **increase** the **dopamine**, **serotonin**, **norepinephrine** concentrations in the synaptic cleft
51
opiates/opioids
substances that include **heroin**, **morphine**, **opium**, **oxycodone**, **hydrocodone** can cause death by respiratory depression
52
hallucinogens
substances that include **LSD**, **peyote**, **mescaline**, **ketamine**, and psilocybin-containing **mushrooms** **increase heart rate**, blood pressure, temperature, pupil dilation
53
marijuana
substances with **depressant**, **stimulant**, and **hallucinogenic** effects **THC** active ingredient **decrease GABA** receptor activity **increase heart rate**, **decrease blood pressure**
54
attention
concentrating on **one aspect** of sensory environment/sensorium
55
selective attention
focusing on one part while ignoring the other - **filtering** allowing other stimulus to be processed in the background - **cocktail party phenomenon**
56
divided attention
perform **multiple tasks at the same time**, can be **controlled** (effortful) or **automatic**
57
language
the method of **human communication** includes **phonology**, **morphology**, **semantics**, **syntax**, and **pragmatics**
58
phonemes
the **actual sound** of speech
59
categorical perception
the ability to **distinguish** between subtle differences in **pronunciation** and a **change in word meaning**
60
morphology
the **structure of words**, building blocks of words
61
semantics
the **meaning** of words | (women vs. mommy)
62
syntax
how words are **put together** to form sentences
63
pragmatics
the changes in **language delivery** depending on **context** (excuse me vs. MOVE BITCH)
64
nativist (biological) theory
theory that explains **language acquisition** as being **innate** and controlled by the **language acquisition device**
65
language acquisition device
theoretical pathway in the brain that **helps infants process/absorb language rules**
66
learning (behaviorist) theory
language acquisition is controlled by **operant conditioning and reinforcement** by parents and caregivers infant perceives that certain sounds have little value, but doesn't explain the explosion of words at 20 months
67
social interactionist theory
explains language acquisition as being caused by a **motivation to communicate and interact with others**
68
whorfian (linguistic relativity) hypothesis
the lens through which we **view and interpret the world** is created by **language**
69
broca's area
**interior frontal gyrus** of frontal lobe **motor function of speech** with motor cortex
70
wernicke's area
**superior temporal gyrus** of temporal cortex ## Footnote **language comprehension**
71
aphasia
**deficit** of language **production/comprehension**
72
broca's (expressive) aphasia
**reduced** ability to **produce spoken language** word stuck on tip of the tongue all of the time
73
wernicke's (receptive) aphasia
**loss** of **speech comprehension** patients speak nonsense sounds but believe they are speaking and understanding perfectly
74
conduction aphasia
damage to **arcuate fasiculus** patient is **unable to repeat something**
75
arcuate fasciculus
**connects** Wernicke's area and broca's area
76
which psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?
hallucinogens

Bad Girl's MCAT Club (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions