Behavioral Sciences 9: Social Interaction

Question 1

statuses

Answer 1

positions in society that are used to classify individuals

Question 2

three key types of statuses

Answer 2

Ascribed

Achieved

Master

Question 3

ascribed status

Answer 3

status that is given voluntarily

ex. race, gender, family background

Question 4

achieved status

Answer 4

status that is gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices

ex. being a doctor

Question 5

master status

Answer 5

stats by which a person is most identified, the most important status the individual holds and affects all aspects of that person’s life

Question 6

role

Answer 6

set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status

Question 7

role performance

Answer 7

the carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role

Question 8

role partner

Answer 8

the person with whom one is interacting

Question 9

role set

Answer 9

the various roles associated with a status

Question 10

role conflict

Answer 10

difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles

Question 11

role strain

Answer 11

difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role

Question 12

role exit

Answer 12

the dropping of one identity for another

Question 13

group / social group

Answer 13

two or more people who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity

• as size increases, members trade intimacy for stability

Question 14

peer group

Answer 14

a group that is defined by the association of self-selected equals around similar interests, ages, and statuses

provide an opportunity for friendship and feelings of belonging

Question 15

family group

Answer 15

group that is not self-selected but instead determined by birth, adoption, marriage

joins members of various ages, sexes, generations through emotional ties

Question 16

in-groups

Answer 16

groups to which an individual belongs

Question 17

out-groups

Answer 17

groups with which an individual competes or is in oppostion

Question 18

reference groups

Answer 18

groups that establish the terms by which individuals evaluate themselves

Question 19

primary group

Answer 19

group in which interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members

Question 20

secondary group

Answer 20

group in which interactions are superficial, with few emotional bonds

Question 21

community

Answer 21

groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography

• Gemeinschaft*
  ex. family and neighborhood

Question 22

society

Answer 22

groups that are formed because of mutual self-interests working together towards the same goal

• Gesellschaft*
  ex. companies and countries

Question 23

group conformity

Answer 23

individuals are compliant with the group’s goals, when when the group’s goals may be in direct contrast to the individual’s goal

Question 24

groupthink

Answer 24

members begin to focus solely on ideas generated within the group while ignoring outside ideas

Question 25

network

Answer 25

observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups (often illustrated as a map)

Question 26

network redundancy

Answer 26

overlapping connections with the dame individual within a network

Question 27

immediate networks

Answer 27

dense networks with strong ties may be composed of friends

Question 28

distant networks

Answer 28

networks with looser and weaker ties may include acquaintances

Question 29

organizations

Answer 29

bodies of people with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals ex. schools, companies, teams, sororities

Question 30

how are formal organizations different from groups?

Answer 30

* organizations continue despite the departure of an individual member * organizations have expressed goals * organizations have enforcement procedures that seek to control the activities of their members * organizations are characterized by the hierarchical allotment of formal roles or duties to members

Question 31

characteristic institution

Answer 31

The **basic organization of society**, which, in prehistoric times was the kin, clan, or sib, and, in modern times, is the bureaucracy

Question 32

bureaucracy

Answer 32

a rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control

Question 33

iron law of oligarchy

Answer 33

law that states that democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group

Question 34

McDonaldization

Answer 34

a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societies

Question 35

self-presentation

Answer 35

the process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors people use specific strategies to shape what others will think of them

Question 36

basic model of emotional expression

Answer 36

there are universal emotions, along with corresponding expressions that can be understood across cultures rooted in Darwinism

Question 37

appraisal model

Answer 37

model of emotional expression there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but there's a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression

Question 38

social construction model

Answer 38

model that assumes that there is no biological bases for emotions emotions are solely based on the situational context of social interactions suggests that emotions are expressed differently and play different roles across cultures

Question 39

display rules

Answer 39

cultural expectations of emotions governs which emotions can be expressed and to what degree as a function of culture, gender, or family background

Question 40

cultural syndrome

Answer 40

a shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme or share the same language and geography influence display rules and how emotions are experienced ex. *I am happy* vs. *I am sharing happiness with others*

Question 41

impression management

Answer 41

attempts to influence how others perceive us through the regulation or controlling of information in social interactions

Question 42

what are the three selves?

Answer 42

authentic self ideal self tactical self

Question 43

authentic self

Answer 43

self which describes who the person actually is includes both positive and negative attributes

Question 44

ideal self

Answer 44

self which describes who we would like to be under optimal circumstances

Question 45

tactical self

Answer 45

self which describes **who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others' expectations of us**

Question 46

self-disclosure

Answer 46

impression marketing strategy giving information about oneself to establish an identity

Question 47

managing appearances

Answer 47

impression management strategy using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image

Question 48

ingratiation

Answer 48

impression management strategy using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over

Question 49

aligning actions

Answer 49

impression management strategy making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses

Question 50

alter-casting

Answer 50

impression management strategy imposing an identity onto another person

Question 51

dramaturgical approach

Answer 51

impression management strategy using the metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations (like how an actor performs a role in front of an audience)

Question 52

front stage

Answer 52

self within the dramaturgical approach the actor is in front of the audience and performs according to the setting, role, and script in order to conform to the image he wants others to see

Question 53

backstage self

Answer 53

self within the dramaturgical approach the actor is not being observed by an audience and is free to act in ways that may not be congruent with his desired public image without having to worry about ruining his performance

Question 54

George Mead "I"

Answer 54

the creative expression of the individual

Question 55

George Mead "me"

Answer 55

the part of the self that is a response to the environment

Question 56

communication

Answer 56

the ability to convey information by speech, writing, signals, or behavior foundation of social interaction effective when the desired message is received by the recipient

Question 57

verbal communication

Answer 57

the transmission of information via the use of words, whether spoken, written, or signed

Question 58

nonverbal communication

Answer 58

how people communicate, whether intentionally or unintentionally, without words ex. facial expressions, tone, gestures, body position, movement, touches, eye positioning

Question 59

animal communication

Answer 59

any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another ex. body language, rudimentary facial expressions, visual displays, scents, vocalizations