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Bad Girl's MCAT Club > Behavioral Sciences 7: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences 7: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Biomedical Approach

A

includes interventions that rally around symptom reduction of psychological disorder

this belief has roots in biomedical disturbances, can miss some underlying sources of psychological disorders

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2
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

this method assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder

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3
Q

Direct Therapy

A

treatment that acts directly on the individual, such as medication or periodic meetings with a psychologist

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4
Q

Indirect Therapy

A

aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual

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5
Q

Schizophrenia

A

psychotic disorder which symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech

for an individual to have this disorder, he must have at least two of these symptoms continuously for six months

may be associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history

high levels of dopaminergic transmission

treated with neuroleptics/antipsychotic that block dopamine receptors

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6
Q

Positive symptoms

A

behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, and disorganized or catatonic behavior

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7
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

involve the absence of normal or desired behavior, such as disturbance of affect and avolition

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8
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual’s culture that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary

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9
Q

Delusions of reference

A

involve the belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual

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10
Q

Delusions of persecution

A

involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened

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11
Q

Delusions of grandeur

A

involve the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way; common in bipolar I disorder

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12
Q

Thought broadcasting

A

belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world

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13
Q

Thought insertion

A

belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head

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14
Q

Hallucinations

A

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality

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15
Q

Disorganized thought

A

characterized by loosening of associations

may be exhibited as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another in such a way that a listener would be unable to follow the train of thought

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16
Q

Word Salad

A

words thrown together incomprehensibly

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17
Q

Neologisms

A

invention of new words

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18
Q

Disorganized behavior

A

refers to an inability to carry out activities of daily living

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19
Q

Catatonia

A

refers to certain motor behaviors characteristic of some people with schizophrenia

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20
Q

Echolalia

A

repeating another’s word

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21
Q

Echopraxis

A

imitating another’s actions

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22
Q

Disturbance of affect

A

inability to experience and express emotion

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23
Q

Affective symptoms of schizophrenia

A

blunting, flat affect, or inappropriate affect

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24
Q

Blunting

A

severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression

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25
Flat Affect
no signs of emotional expression
26
Inappropriate Affect
the affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual's speech
27
Avolition
decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions
28
Prodromal phase
phase characterized by poor adjustment before schizophrenia is diagnosed exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences
29
Major Depressive Disorder
mood disorder characterized by **at least one major depressive episode**
30
Major Depressive Episode
period of **at least two weeks** with **at least five** of the following symptoms: * prominent and relatively persistent depressed mood * loss of interest in all formerly enjoyable activities (**anhedonia**) * appetite disturbances * substantial weight changes * sleep disturbances * decreased energy * feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt * difficulty concentrating or thinking * psychomotor symptoms * thoughts of death or attempts at suicide
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how does one get a diagnosis of **persistent depressive disorder**?
the individual must suffer from **dysthymia** most of the time for **at least two years**
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Dysthymia
**depressed mood that isn't severe enough** to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode
33
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
**major depressive disorder with seasonal onset** depressive symptoms are only present in the winter months
34
Bipolar disorders
major type of disorders characterized by both depression and mania
35
Manic episodes
characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week with at least three of the following: * increased distractibility * decreased need for sleep * inflated self-esteem or grandiosity * racing thoughts * increased goal-directed activity or agitation * pressured speech or increased talkativeness * involvement in high-risk behavior generally have a more rapid onset and briefer duration than depressive episodes
36
Bipolar I disorder
bipolar disorder where the individual has **manic disorders with or without major depressive episodes**
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Bipolar II disorder
bipolar disorder where the individual has **hypomania with at least one major depressive episode**
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Hypomania
does not significantly impair functioning, nor are there psychotic features, although the **individual may be more energetic and optimistic** **persistent disinhibition and mood elevation** (euphoria), with behavior that is noticeably different from the person's typical behavior when in a non-depressed state
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Cyclothymic Disorder
consists of a **combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dystymia** that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive episodes
40
Monoamine (Catecholamine) Theory of Depression
theory which holds that **too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse** leads to **mania**, while too little leads to depression
41
Generalized anxiety disorder
a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months individuals often experience physical symptoms like fatigue, muscle tension, and sleep problems that accompany the worry
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Social anxiety disorder
characterized by anxiety that is due to social situations persistent fear when exposed to social or performance situations that may result in embarrassment
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Agoraphobia
anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in places or in situations where it might be hard for an individual to escape
44
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
characterized by **obsessions**, which produce tensions, and **compulsions**, which relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person's life
45
Panic Disorder
another anxiety disorder; symptoms include... * fear and apprehension * trembling * sweating * hyperventilation * a sense of unreality frequently accompanied by agoraphobia
46
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
an individual has an unrealistic evaluation of his or her personal appearance and attractiveness, usually directed toward a certain body part
47
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event consists of **intrusion symptoms**, **avoidance symptoms**, **negative cognitive symptoms**, and **arousal symptoms** may be called **acute stress disorder** if symptoms last for less than a month
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Intrusion symptoms
include recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress
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Avoidance symptoms
deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma
50
Negative cognitive symptoms
inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others, and a persistent negative view of the world
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Arousal Symptoms
increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior, and sleep disturbances
52
Dissociative Amnesia
inability to recall past experiences not due to a neurological disorder but instead linked to trauma
53
Dissociative Fugue
sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one's home or location of usual daily activities
54
Dissociative Identity Disorder
two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person's behavior occurs when components of identity fail to integrate
55
Depersonalization (derealization) Disorder
individuals experience **depersonalization** and **derealization** detachment from their mind, body, and environment
56
Depersonalization
detachment from one's own mind and body
57
Derealization
detachment from one's own surroundings
58
Somatic Symptom Disorder
have at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, and that is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time and energy to it, or elevated levels of anxiety
59
Illness Anxiety Disorder
characterized by being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition
60
Conversion Disorder
characterized by **unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions** symptoms usually start after the individual experiences high levels of stress or a traumatic event
61
La belle indifference
a person is surprisingly unconcerned by their symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions (conversion disorder)
62
Personality Disorder
pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: * cognition emotions * interpersonal functioning * impulse control
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Ego-syntonic
the individual perceives her behavior as **correct, normal, or in harmony with her goals**
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Ego-dystonic
individual perceives her illness as something thrust upon her that is **intrusive and bothersome**
65
Cluster A
**paranoid**, **schizotypal**, and **schizoid** personality disorders marked by behavior that may be odd or eccentric to others ***Weird***
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Cluster B
**antisocial**, **borderline**, **histrionic**, and **narcissistic** personality disorders marked by behavior that is labeled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others ***Wild***
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Cluster C
**avoidant**, **dependent**, and **obsessive-compulsive** personality disorder labeled as anxious or fearful by others ***Worried***
68
Paranoid personality disorder
marked by a pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives
69
schizotypal personality disorder
a pattern of odd or eccentric thinking individuals may have **ideas of reference** (not as intense as delusions) or **magical thinking** (superstitions, belief in clairvoyance)
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schizoid personality disorder
a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
71
antisocial personality disorder
a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others .... repeated illegal acts, aggressiveness, deceitfulness, lack of remorse about three timesmore common in males than in females
72
borderline personality disorder
pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image profound identity disturbance with uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals, or values intense fear of abandonment may use splitting as a defense mechanism (seeing others as all good or all bad) two times more common in females than males
73
histrionic personality disorder
constant attention-seeking behavior (colorful clothing, dramatic, very extroverted)
74
narcissistic personality disorder
a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, feelings of entitlement
75
avoidant personality disorder
extreme shyness and fear of rejection often socially isolates despite an intense desire for social affection and acceptance
76
dependent personality disorder
a continuous need for reassurance
77
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
individual is perfectionistic and inflexible, tending to like rules and order
78

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