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Bad Girl's MCAT Club > Behavioral Sciences 7: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences 7: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Biomedical Approach

A

includes interventions that rally around symptom reduction of psychological disorder

this belief has roots in biomedical disturbances, can miss some underlying sources of psychological disorders

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2
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

this method assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s disorder

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3
Q

Direct Therapy

A

treatment that acts directly on the individual, such as medication or periodic meetings with a psychologist

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4
Q

Indirect Therapy

A

aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual

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5
Q

Schizophrenia

A

psychotic disorder which symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech

for an individual to have this disorder, he must have at least two of these symptoms continuously for six months

may be associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history

high levels of dopaminergic transmission

treated with neuroleptics/antipsychotic that block dopamine receptors

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6
Q

Positive symptoms

A

behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, and disorganized or catatonic behavior

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7
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

involve the absence of normal or desired behavior, such as disturbance of affect and avolition

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8
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individual’s culture that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary

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9
Q

Delusions of reference

A

involve the belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual

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10
Q

Delusions of persecution

A

involve the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened

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11
Q

Delusions of grandeur

A

involve the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way; common in bipolar I disorder

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12
Q

Thought broadcasting

A

belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world

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13
Q

Thought insertion

A

belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head

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14
Q

Hallucinations

A

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality

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15
Q

Disorganized thought

A

characterized by loosening of associations

may be exhibited as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another in such a way that a listener would be unable to follow the train of thought

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16
Q

Word Salad

A

words thrown together incomprehensibly

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17
Q

Neologisms

A

invention of new words

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18
Q

Disorganized behavior

A

refers to an inability to carry out activities of daily living

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19
Q

Catatonia

A

refers to certain motor behaviors characteristic of some people with schizophrenia

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20
Q

Echolalia

A

repeating another’s word

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21
Q

Echopraxis

A

imitating another’s actions

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22
Q

Disturbance of affect

A

inability to experience and express emotion

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23
Q

Affective symptoms of schizophrenia

A

blunting, flat affect, or inappropriate affect

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24
Q

Blunting

A

severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression

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25
Q

Flat Affect

A

no signs of emotional expression

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26
Q

Inappropriate Affect

A

the affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual’s speech

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27
Q

Avolition

A

decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions

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28
Q

Prodromal phase

A

phase characterized by poor adjustment

before schizophrenia is diagnosed

exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences

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29
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode

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30
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A

period of at least two weeks with at least five of the following symptoms:

  • prominent and relatively persistent depressed mood
  • loss of interest in all formerly enjoyable activities (anhedonia)
  • appetite disturbances
  • substantial weight changes
  • sleep disturbances
  • decreased energy
  • feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
  • difficulty concentrating or thinking
  • psychomotor symptoms
  • thoughts of death or attempts at suicide
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31
Q

how does one get a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder?

A

the individual must suffer from dysthymia most of the time for at least two years

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32
Q

Dysthymia

A

depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode

33
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

major depressive disorder with seasonal onset

depressive symptoms are only present in the winter months

34
Q

Bipolar disorders

A

major type of disorders characterized by both depression and mania

35
Q

Manic episodes

A

characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least one week with at least three of the following:

  • increased distractibility
  • decreased need for sleep
  • inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
  • racing thoughts
  • increased goal-directed activity or agitation
  • pressured speech or increased talkativeness
  • involvement in high-risk behavior

generally have a more rapid onset and briefer duration than depressive episodes

36
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

bipolar disorder where the individual has manic disorders with or without major depressive episodes

37
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

bipolar disorder where the individual has hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

38
Q

Hypomania

A

does not significantly impair functioning, nor are there psychotic features, although the individual may be more energetic and optimistic

persistent disinhibition and mood elevation (euphoria), with behavior that is noticeably different from the person’s typical behavior when in a non-depressed state

39
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

consists of a combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dystymia that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive episodes

40
Q

Monoamine (Catecholamine) Theory of Depression

A

theory which holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to depression

41
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months

individuals often experience physical symptoms like fatigue, muscle tension, and sleep problems that accompany the worry

42
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

characterized by anxiety that is due to social situations

persistent fear when exposed to social or performance situations that may result in embarrassment

43
Q

Agoraphobia

A

anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in places or in situations where it might be hard for an individual to escape

44
Q

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

A

characterized by obsessions, which produce tensions, and compulsions, which relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life

45
Q

Panic Disorder

A

another anxiety disorder; symptoms include…

  • fear and apprehension
  • trembling
  • sweating
  • hyperventilation
  • a sense of unreality

frequently accompanied by agoraphobia

46
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

an individual has an unrealistic evaluation of his or her personal appearance and attractiveness, usually directed toward a certain body part

47
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A

occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event

consists of intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative cognitive symptoms, and arousal symptoms

may be called acute stress disorder if symptoms last for less than a month

48
Q

Intrusion symptoms

A

include recurrent reliving of the event, flashbacks, nightmares, and prolonged distress

49
Q

Avoidance symptoms

A

deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma

50
Q

Negative cognitive symptoms

A

inability to recall key features of the event, negative mood or emotions, feeling distanced from others, and a persistent negative view of the world

51
Q

Arousal Symptoms

A

increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behavior, and sleep disturbances

52
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

inability to recall past experiences

not due to a neurological disorder but instead linked to trauma

53
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one’s home or location of usual daily activities

54
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior

occurs when components of identity fail to integrate

55
Q

Depersonalization (derealization) Disorder

A

individuals experience depersonalization and derealization

detachment from their mind, body, and environment

56
Q

Depersonalization

A

detachment from one’s own mind and body

57
Q

Derealization

A

detachment from one’s own surroundings

58
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

have at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, and that is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time and energy to it, or elevated levels of anxiety

59
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

characterized by being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition

60
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions

symptoms usually start after the individual experiences high levels of stress or a traumatic event

61
Q

La belle indifference

A

a person is surprisingly unconcerned by their symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions (conversion disorder)

62
Q

Personality Disorder

A

pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following:

  • cognition emotions
  • interpersonal functioning
  • impulse control
63
Q

Ego-syntonic

A

the individual perceives her behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with her goals

64
Q

Ego-dystonic

A

individual perceives her illness as something thrust upon her that is intrusive and bothersome

65
Q

Cluster A

A

paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid personality disorders

marked by behavior that may be odd or eccentric to others

Weird

66
Q

Cluster B

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

marked by behavior that is labeled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others

Wild

67
Q

Cluster C

A

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

labeled as anxious or fearful by others

Worried

68
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

marked by a pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives

69
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

a pattern of odd or eccentric thinking

individuals may have ideas of reference (not as intense as delusions) or magical thinking (superstitions, belief in clairvoyance)

70
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

71
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

…. repeated illegal acts, aggressiveness, deceitfulness, lack of remorse

about three timesmore common in males than in females

72
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image

profound identity disturbance with uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals, or values

intense fear of abandonment

may use splitting as a defense mechanism (seeing others as all good or all bad)

two times more common in females than males

73
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

constant attention-seeking behavior (colorful clothing, dramatic, very extroverted)

74
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, feelings of entitlement

75
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

extreme shyness and fear of rejection

often socially isolates despite an intense desire for social affection and acceptance

76
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

a continuous need for reassurance

77
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

A

individual is perfectionistic and inflexible, tending to like rules and order

78
Q
A

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