bio unit 2 quiz 1

Question 1

what is DNA

Answer 1

• stands for Deoxyribnuleci Acid
• molecule that contains genetic info
• carries instructions for proteins for growth development, repair and daily things
• is universlal

Question 2

where is DNA found

Answer 2

nuclues in eukartic and cytoplam in prokayotics

Question 3

DNA order

Answer 3

1- stores info as a code
2- sopies info to pass it to next cells
3- uses code to make proteins ( the protiens give the traits)

Question 4

polymer and monomenr od DNA

Answer 4

DNA is a nucleic Acid made of 2 repeating chian of nucleotides. DNA is the polumer and the nucleotides is the monemers.

Question 5

parts of a nucletodie

Answer 5

the phosphate gorup, a sugar called deoxyribose, one of the 4 nirtogen bases (A,T,C,G)

Question 6

structure of DNA

Answer 6

• has a double helix structure like a twisted ladder
• sides are phoosphate groups
• rugs of ladder made of paried nitorogen bases
• top 5 prime and 3 prime
  bottem 3 prime and 5 prime ] its antiparell
• stble and stays in nucleues

Question 7

covelent bonds

Answer 7

bonds between sugar and phosphate. very strong

Question 8

hydrgen bonds

Answer 8

bonds between nitrogen bases, weak. the nirtogen bases have pairing with coplementray bases

Question 9

pairing

Answer 9

A=T
G=C

Question 10

what does the structure of the DNA allow it to do

Answer 10

store and replicate genetic info

Question 11

genes and proteins

Answer 11

• DNA has genes which are segments of the DNA that code for prteins
• proteins determine the traits of an orgism
• the nitorgens bases forms a code that is read to create proteisn

Question 12

Who found DNA

Answer 12

Watson and Crick stole the DNA structure from Rosalind Franklind, who used x-ray difraction to find its structure.

Question 13

origin of DNA

Answer 13

• DNA came from RNA, RNA was mutated to create DNA.. hypothiese that RNA as the first gentic material. thinks that it may have occured from deep sea thermal vents, or chemical reaction from lighting,

Question 14

DNA replication

Answer 14

• process where molecule makes a copy of itself, to make sure that each new cell gets an exact copy of the DNA.

Question 15

Semi-conservitaive process

Answer 15

new DNA molecules are made of half original strands, and half new strands

Question 16

the actual process of cell division

Answer 16

• happens in the s phase of the cell cycle
• DNA is unzipped by the enzyme helicase, by undoing hydorgen bonds
• free floating nucleotides move to unpaird bases
• DNA polymerse enzyme makes covalent bonds bettwen nucleotide, which creates a new strand

Question 17

gene expression

Answer 17

process by which info from gene is used to make a protein( which are traits)

• has 2 big steps : transcription and trnslation
• also known as central dogma

Question 18

RNA

Answer 18

• ribonucleic Acid
• is a single strnaded molecule
• made up of RNA nuclrotides
• has ribose sugar instrad of dibrocrose
• the nitrogen bases are U,G, C, A
• carries gentic info to ribosomes for proteins synthesis
• less stable
• leaves nuclues

Question 19

A, U, T

Answer 19

adenien, Uracil, Thymine

Question 20

G, C

Answer 20

guanine, cytosine

Question 21

mrna

Answer 21

carry message to ribose on how to make protein

Question 22

trna

Answer 22

trnafers amino acids to ribosome

Question 23

rrna

Answer 23

is part of the ribose

Question 24

transcription

Answer 24

• process where MRA sequence is produced from DNA template,. So DNA to mRNA called mran transcript.

Question 25

process of trnascitption

Answer 25

1) a gene unzips by RNA polumerse 2) RNA nucleotides are added to complemetry DNA 3) single strnaded mRNA is created, which seprates from DNA and goes to cytplsm 4) the 2 strands of DNA come back together - occues in the nucleus

Question 26

translation

Answer 26

pricess where the code in mrna is translated into of amino acids on a plypeptide chain = protein so mrna to protein

Question 27

translation process

Answer 27

1) mrna arrives at ribose and it code does the trnaslation process 2) anti codons in tra bring amino acds and pair with the corret codon in mrna 3) rrna in the ribosome guides the mrna and the trna to join the amno aics to form a protein on the mran condon 4) this process will kep happnieng until a stop condon is reached where the process stops and the polypeptide chin is realeased.

Question 28

condon

Answer 28

- a set of 3 nitrogen bases on MRNA - each triplet codes for one amino acid

Question 29

anticodon

Answer 29

a set of 3 nucleotides that is complementry to an mrna. this attachs to the codon.

Question 30

gene expression as a regulated prcess

Answer 30

- gene rexpression can be turned on and off - orginms alter their pattern of gene expression in response to changes in the envirment

Question 31

gene mutation

Answer 31

change in nitogen base of a section of DA for a protein wild type = before mutiation mutant = after mutation sometimes the DNA can get instructions to self destruct or apotosis

Question 32

gene mutation results

Answer 32

good as they can crete new variatios of traits, bad can create someting bad like diese or stop normal function, or can have no effect.

Question 33

poitn mutation

Answer 33

change in sigle bases alos called subsitiution. will affect one codon. if a point mutaion does not cause chage to the aminoacid sequence than its a silent mutation

Question 34

frame shift

Answer 34

happens when a base is added or deleted. this will affect every condon after this. the 3 groups will change. which one is added or taken away

Question 35

sickel cell anemia

Answer 35

- point mutioan - glu is replaced with val which caues the - wich causes the boold cell to be a bannana shape - cna cause tumers/ clumps

Question 36

mutaltions on a pouplation

Answer 36

- will create genetic diversity, will increase tth chnaces of survival. leads to evolution

Question 37

germline mutation

Answer 37

- are inherited - changes in DNA that is inherited from the egg or sperm or gametes

Question 38

somatic mutation

Answer 38

cahnges in DNA hat happen to orther cells, such as body cells.

Question 39

causes of muation

Answer 39

- DNA does not replicate pefectl - outside facotrs can cause mistakes.