BIOLOGY DEFINITION OVERVIEW Flashcards
(347 cards)
1
Q
a muscle that moves a limb away from the center of the body
A
abductor
2
Q
the process by which substances are taken up into or across tissues
A
absorption
3
Q
a neurotransmitter found throughout the nervous system; metabolized by acetylcholinesterase
A
acetylcholine
4
Q
the large vesicle at the head of a sperm cell containing enzymes that degrade the ovum cell membrane to allow fertilization
A
acrosome
5
Q
a protein found in the cytoskeleton and muscle cells; it is the principal constituent of the thin filaments and microfilaments
A
actin
6
Q
an abrupt change in the membrane potential of a nerve or muscle cased by changes in the membrane ionic permiability
A
action potential
7
Q
an immune response acquired in response to exposure to an antigen
A
active immunity
8
Q
substrate-binding region of an enzyme
A
active site
9
Q
the development of characteristics that enable an organism to survive and reproduce in its habitat
A
adaption
10
Q
highly-specific form of immunity that retains chemical memory of each invader encountered and is able to tailor the immune response to the specific pathogen
A
adaptive immunity
11
Q
the evolutionary process by which one species gives rise to several species, each specialized for difference niches
A
adaptive radiation
12
Q
the muscle that moves a limb towards the center of the body
A
adductor
13
Q
a purine base present in DNA and RNA; forms H bonds with thymine and uracil
A
adenine
14
Q
a nucleotide molecule consisting of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate moieties
A
adenosine triphosphate
15
Q
refers to fatty tissue
A
adipose
16
Q
refers to a biological process that occurs in the presence of molecular oxygen or to organisms that cannot live without molecular oxygen
A
aerobic
17
Q
a neuron that picks up impulses from sensory receptors and transmits them toward the central nervous system
A
afferent (sensory) neuron
18
Q
a type of leukocyte that does not contain cytopalsmic granules, including lymphocytes and monocytes
A
agranulocytes
19
Q
protein synthesized in the liver that maintains the oncotic pressure of the blood and serves as a carrier for many drugs and hormones
A
albumin
20
Q
one of four embryonic membranes; it contains the growing embryo’s waste products
A
allantois
21
Q
alternative forms of the same gene coding for a particular trait
A
allele
22
Q
a type of autoimmunity in which a person’s immune system becomes overactivated by common substances in the environment
A
allergy
23
Q
basic functional unit of the lung; a tiny sac specialized for passive gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
A
alveolus
24
Q
the building blocks of proteins, each containing an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side chain attached to the alpha carbon
A
amino acids
25
the innermost fluid-filled embryonic membrane; it forms a protective sac surrounding the embryos of birds, reptiles, and mammals
amnion
26
characteristic of a signaling cascade, in which the binding of a single peptide hormone to a membrane-bound receptor results in a signal that increases in strength through the signaling cascade
amplification
27
refers to a biological process that can occur without oxygen or to organisms that can live without molecular oxygen
anerobic
28
the stage of mitosis or meiosis characterized by the migration of chromatids or homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the dividing cells
anaphase
29
any male sex hormone, such as testosterone
androgen
30
substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria or fungi
antibiotic
31
immune or protective protein whose synthesis is induced by the presence of foreign substances in the body
antibody
32
a substance that binds to an antibody; may be foreign or a self-antigen
antigen
33
portion of an antibody that is specific for a particular antigen
antigen-binding region
34
one of the semilunar valves, separating the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic valve
35
process by which a cell undergoes programmed cell death in a highly organized manner in response to either external or internal signals
apoptosis
36
peripheral portion of the skeleton consisting of arms, legs, and pelvic and pectoral girdles
apendicular skeleton
37
the central cavity in the gastrula stage of embryological development; it is lined by endoderm and ultimately gives rise to the adult digestive tract
archenteron
38
small arterial structures that link the arteries to the capillaries
arterioles
39
thick-walled, muscular blood vessel that generally carries blood away from the heart
artery
40
cartilaginous coating at the ends of bones that provides a smooth surface for articulation of bones within a joint
articular cartilage
41
any reproductive process that does not involve the fusion of gametes
asexual reproduction
42
star-shaped structures that form around the centrosome during mitosis
asters
43
one of two paired structures on either side of the heart, into which blood returning from either the body or the lungs flows
atrium
44
form of cell-cell communication in which a cell released a substance that then binds to the membrane of the releasing cell to either inhibit or activate a cellular activity
autocrine
45
inappropriate immune response that targets self-antigens
autoimmunity
46
subdivision of the peripheral nervous system responsible for involuntary activities, which is further subdivided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
autonomic nervous system
47
any chromosome other than a sex chromosome
autosome
48
midline structures of the skeleton including the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage; provides the central framework for the body
axial skeleton
49
the long fiber of a neuron; it conducts impulses away from the cell body toward the synapse
axon
50
transition point between the cell body and the axon of a neuron; the site of action potential initiation
axon hillock
51
rod-shaped bacterium
bacillus
52
a virus that invades bacteria and sometimes uses bacterial RNA and ribosomes to self-replicate
bacteriophage
53
type of granulocytic leukocyte that largely participates in allergic reactions and local inflammation
basophil
54
a solution of salts, pigments, and cholesterol produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that emulsifies fats
bile
55
product of the breakdown of hemoglobin that is modified to a more soluble form in the liver
bilirubin
56
a type of asexual reproduction characteristics of prokaryotes in which there is equal nuclear and cytoplasmic division
binary fission
57
the fluid-filled central cavity of the blastula
blastocoel
58
a mammalian blastula, consisting of the trophoblastic cells and an inner cell mass
blastocyst
59
opening of the archenteron on the external environment in the gastrula stage of embryonic development
blastopore
60
the early embryonic stage during which the embryo is a hollow, fluid filled sphere of undifferentiated cells
blastula
61
process by which a solid mass of early embryonic cells, known as the morula, becomes the blastula, a hollow fluid filled sphere of undifferentiated cells
blastulation
62
change in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by changes in the environment; when pH s low, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts right, indicating a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and more efficient off-loading of oxygen from hemoglobin
Bohr Effect
63
an initial dose of medication; in the digestive system, chewed food leaving the mouth, traveling through the esophagus, and entering the stomach
bolus
64
central portion of bones, especially long bones, that contains fat and developing blood cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, megakaryocytes
bone marrow
65
organic and inorganic minerals that provide strength to compact bone; organic components include collagen, glycoproteins, and other peptides; inorganic components include calcium, phosphate, and hydroxide ions
bone matrix
66
the cuplike structure of the nephron; it collects the glomerular filtrate and channels it into the proximal convoluted tubule
Bowman's capsule
67
tubelike passages for air that connect the trachea to the bronchioles
bronchi
68
passageways for air that start at the bronchi, dividing into continuously smaller passageways that eventually lead to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs
bronchioles
69
group of enzymes present on the luminal surface of cells lining the duodenum that break down larger biomolecules into monomers that are able to be absorbed
brush boarder enzymes
70
part of the conduction system of the heart; it carries impulses from the AV node to the ventricles
Bundle of His
71
area of excessive deposition of keratin in response to repeated strain due to friction
callus
72
small canals connecting lacunae within the bone matrix with Haversian canals, allowing for the flow of nutrients and wastes
canaliculi
73
small, thin-walled vessel where gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occurs between blood and tissue
capillary
74
protein coat surrounding a virus
capsid
75
total blood volume pumped by the left ventricle in one minute, found by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume
cardiac output
76
a firm, elastic, translucent connective tissue produced by cells called chondrocytes
cartilage
77
the chemical breakdown of complex substances to yield simpler substances and energy
catabolism
78
the first part of the large intestine; accepts material flowing through the ileocecal valve and is the point of attachment of the appendix
cecum
79
portion of a neuron where the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes are located; also known as the soma
cell body
80
a foundational belief in modern biology that all living things are composed of cells, that the cell is the basic functional unit of life, that all cells arise from preexisting cells, and that DNA is the genetic material
cell theory
81
type of immunity that uses cytotoxic chemicals released from cells to cause death of cells that have been infected by viruses
cell-mediated immunity
82
the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
83
a small organelle in the cytoplasm of animal cells; it organizes the spindle apparatus during mitosis or meiosis
centrioles
84
the area of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined; it is also the point of attachment to the spindle fiber during mitosis and meiosis
centrosomes
85
the section of the mammalian hindbrain that controls muscle coordination and equilibrium
cerebellum
86
the outer layer of the forebrain, consisting of grey matter; it is the site of higher cognitive functions in humans
cerebral cortex
87
lower end of the uterus that marks the transition between the vagina and the uterus
cervix
88
enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds within foodstuffs, resulting in smaller molecules
chemical digestion
89
movement of cells toward or away from a chemical within the environment
chemotaxis
90
sites where crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
chiasmata
91
cells within the stomach that secrete pepsinogen, a zymogen that is converted to its active form, pepsin, by the acidic environment of the stomach
chief cells
92
elastic cartilage matrix substance secreted by chondrocytes
chrondin
93
a differentiated cartilage cell that synthesizes the cartilaginous matrix
chondrocyte
94
each of the two chromosomal strands formed by DNA replication in the S phase of the cell cycle; held together by the centromere
chromatid
95
a filamentous body found within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell or nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell, composed of DNA
chromosome
96
soluble lipid molecule that consists of triglycerides and esterified cholesterol molecules; absorbed into lacteals from the digestive tract
chylomicron
97
aqueous mixture of food and secretions that leaves the stomach to enter the duodenum
chyme
98
projection from a cell involved in movement of materials on the outside of the cell
cilia
99
a behavioral pattern based on a 24-hour cycle, related to cycling of hormones such as cortisol and melatonin
circadian rhythm
100
a series of mitotic divisions of the zygote immediately following fertilization, resulting in progressively smaller cells with increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratios
cleavage
101
phenomenon in which only B- or T-cells specific to a particular pathogen are activated
clonal selection
102
spherically shaped bacterium
coccus
103
a genetic effect in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is a distinct reflection of both alleles at a particular locus
codominance
104
describes the cell capable of responding to induction signals
competent
105
the temporary joining of two organisms via a tube called a pilus, through which genetic material is exchanged; a form of sexual reproduction used by bacteria
conjugation
106
animal tissue composed of cells lying in an extracellular proteinaceous network that supports, connects, and surrounds the organs and structures of the body
connective tissue
107
portion of an antibody molecule that is not variable and participates in the binding of other immune modulators
constant region
108
the process by which unrelated organisms living in a similar environment develop analogous structures
convergent evolution
109
layer of cells surrounding an oocyte that aid in the development of the ovum
corona radiata
110
the remnant of the ovarian follicle, which after ovulation continues to secrete progesterone. its degeneration leads to menstruation; it also maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy
corpus luteum
111
the external layer found in many organs of the body, including the brain, adrenal glands, and kidney
cortex
112
release of calcium ions by an ovum after fertilization, resulting in the creation of a fertilization membrane, a structure that prevents fertilization of an ovum by multiple sperm cells
cortical reaction
113
steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex, including glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), and cortical sex hormones
corticosteroids
114
the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
crossing over
115
an intracellular second messenger in the signaling cascade initiated by a peptide hormone; synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
116
chemical substance that stimulates inflammation and recruits additional immune cells to a specific area
cytokine
117
the division and distribution of parent cell cytoplasm to the two daughter cells during mitotic and meiotic cell division
cytokinesis
118
the fluid and solutes within a cell membrane, external to the nucleus and cellular organells
cytoplasm
119
T-cell that seeks out infected cells and induces apoptosis in these cells to prevent spread of the pathogen
cytotoxic T-cell
120
a type of gene mutation in which some variable amount of DNA is removed
deletion
121
the portion of a neuron that receives stimuli and conveys them toward the cell body
dendrite
122
the layer of the skin cells under the epidermis; contains sweat glands, hair follicles, fat, and blood vessels
dermis
123
rapid mitotic divisions occurring in an embryo that result in cells with predetermined fates; these cells are only capable of differentiating into certain kinds of tissues within an organism
determinate cleavage
124
designation of a cell within an embryo as having a particular future function
determination
125
thin, muscular structure that divides the thorax from the abdomen and provides the driving force for inhalation
diaphragm
126
cylindrical shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
127
the period of relaxation of cardiac muscle during which the atrioventricular valves open and the ventricles fill with blood
diastole
128
the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized
differentiation
129
the breakdown of macromolecular nutrient material via mechanical and chemical means to simple molecular building blocks
digestion
130
having two chromosomes of each type per cell; symbolized by 2n
diploid
131
substance secreted into the bloodstream that causes a change in the physiological activity of cells without requiring an intermediary
direct hormone
132
selective pressures favor the development of an extreme phenotype that provides a selective advantage; this phenotype emerges as the primary phenotype over time
directional selection
133
type of selection in which selective pressures favor extreme phenotypes over the norm
disruptive selection
134
a process of change whereby organisms with a common ancestor evolve dissimilar structures
divergent evolution
135
refers to an allele that requires only one copy for expression
dominant
136
fetal structure that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta to bypass the developing lungs
ductus arteriosus
137
shunt from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, allowing oxygenated blood returning from the placenta to bypass the liver and the systemic circulation
ductus venosus
138
first segment of the small intestine; the contents of the stomach and the pancreatic and bile ducts empty into it
duodenum
139
outermost embryonic germ layer; it gives rise to the skin, nervous system, inner ear, lens of the eye, and other structures
ectoderm
140
an organ, muscle, or gland used by an organism to respond to a stimulus
effector
141
a neuron that transmits nervous impulses from the central nervous system to an effector
efferent (motor) neuron
142
an organism at the early development stage; in humans, the term refers to the first eight weeks after fertilization
embryo
143
a form of cell-to-cell communication that involves the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream by ductless glands; these hormones then travel tp distant locations within the organism to cause a change in cellular activity
endocrine
144
innermost embryonic germ layer
endoderm
145
uterine lining that is regenerated each month in preparation for implantation of an embryo; absence of an embryo results in sloughing off of the [blank] in a process known as menstruation
endometrium
146
membrane-bound channels in the cytoplasm that transport proteins and lipids to various parts of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
147
lining of blood vessels consisting of endothelial cells
endothelium
148
collection of neurons within the gastrointestinal tract that governs peristalsis
enteric nervous system
149
type of granulocytic luekocyte that largely participates in the immune response against parasites
eosinophils
150
the outermost layer of the skin
epidermis
151
the coiled tube in which sperm gain motility and are stored after production in the testes
epididymis
152
the small flap of cartilage that covers the glottis during swallowing, preventing food from entering the larynx
epiglottis
153
a hormone synthesized by the adrenal medulla; it stimulates the fight or flight response; also a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system
epinephrine
154
cartilaginous structure in the epiphysis where growth occurs
epiphyseal plate
155
dilated end of a long bone
epihysis
156
a specialized subset of plasmids capable of integrating into the genome of bacteria under specific circumstances
episomes
157
the cellular layer that covers internal and external surfaces of body structures and cavities
epithelium
158
red blood cell
erythrocyte
159
portion of the alimentary canal connecting the pharynx and the stomach
esophagus
160
a unicellular or multi-cellular organism composed of cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
eukaryote
161
the changes in the gene pool from one generation to the next caused by mutation, nonrandom mating, natural selection, and genetic drift
evolution
162
glands that release their secretions into ducts
exocrine glands
163
varying expression of disease symptoms despite identical genotypes
expressivity
164
a muscle used in the straightening of a limb
extensor
165
prokaryotes that can exist with or without oxygen
facultative anaerobes
166
fusion of two gametes
fertilization
167
structure created by the cortical reaction after fertilization of an ovum by a sperm cell
fertilization membrane
168
a developing organism that has passed the early development stages; in humans the term refers to an embryo from the ninth week after fertilization until birth
fetus
169
the insoluble protein that forms the bulk of a blood clot
fibrin
170
offspring in a genetic cross; may be supplemented with a subscript to show how many generations out from the parents
filial generation
171
in the nephron, the process by which blood plasma is forced out of the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule
filtration
172
reproductive success of an individual, measured in increased number and survival of offspring
fitness
173
a microscopic, whiplike filament that functions in the locomotion of sperm cells and some unicellular organisms; composed of microtubules
flagellum
174
a muscle used in the bending of a limb
flexor
175
the set of cells surrounding a developing or mature ovum; secretes nutrients and estrogen and atrophies into the corpus luteum after ovulation
follicle
176
shunt within the fetal heart between the right and left atria that allows the circulation to largely bypass the developing lungs
foramen ovale
177
organ below the liver that stores bile
gallbladder
178
sperm or ovum; a cell that has half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cells and can fuse with another gamete to form a zygote
gamete
179
a mass of neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system
ganglion
180
the embryonic stage characterized by the presence of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
gastrula
181
the basic unit of heredity
gene
182
all of the alleles for every gene in every individual in a given population
gene pool
183
variations in the gene pool caused by chance
genetic drift
184
a diagrammatic representation of a chromosome indicating distance between two genes on a chromosome as determined by recombination frequencies
genetic map
185
an organism's complete set of chromosomes
genome
186
the genetic composition of an entire organism or in reference to a particular trait
genotype
187
the network of capillaries encapsulated by Bowman's capsule; acts as a filter for blood entering the nephron
glomerulus
188
the opening to the trachea
glottis
189
organelle that plays a role in the packaging and secretion of proteins and other molecules produced intracellularly
golgi apparatus
190
ovary or testis; the reproductive organ in which gametes are produced
gonad
191
a process of staining bacterial cells such that cells containing large amounts of peptidoglycan within the cell wall are stained purple, while cells with less peptidoglycan within their cell walls appear pink-red after counter staining
gram staining
192
type of leukocyte with cytoplasmic granules that are visible under a microscope, such as neutrophils, basophils, or eosinophils
granulocyte
193
any region in the central nervous system that consists largely of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses
grey matter
194
substances that cause induction during embryonic development of the correct structure in the right location
growth factors
195
having only one of each type chromosome per cell; symbolized byn
haploid
196
states that gene ratios and allelic frequencies remain constant through the generations in a nonevolving population
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
197
central channel within the osteon containing blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymph vessels
haversian canal
198
one of two types of chains, made of peptides, that create an antibody; each antibody consists of two heavy chains and two light chains
heavy chain
199
type of T-cell that secretes lymphokines; specific combination of lymphokines secreted will determine the nature of the immune response
helper T-cell
200
measurement of how much of a blood sample consists of red blood cells, expressed in a percentage
hematocrit
201
iron-containing protein found in red blood cells that binds O2 and transports it throughout the body
hemoglobin
202
having two different alleles for a particular trait
heterozygous
203
area of an organ where large vessels or other structures enter or exit
hilum
204
an inflammatory mediator that causes vasodilation and results in increased movement of fluid and cells out of the blood vessels and into the tissue
histamine
205
maintenance of a stable internal physiological environment in an organism
homeostasis
206
chromosomes in a diploid cell that carry corresponding genes for the same traits at corresponding loci
homologous chromosomes
207
having two identical alleles for a given trait
homozygous
208
chemical messengers secreted by cells of one part of the body and carried by the bloodstream to cells elsewhere in the body, where they regulate biochemical activity
hormones
209
form of adaptive immunity that takes place within body fluid, driven by B-cells and antibodies
humoral immunity
210
the resultant offspring of a cross either between two different gene types or between two different species
hybrid
211
subcutaneous layer beneath the dermis in the skin
hypodermis
212
the region of the vertebrate forebrain that controls the autonomic nervous system and is the control center for hunger, thirst, body temperature, and other visceral functions
hypothalamus
213
the terminal portion of the small intestine
Ileum
214
movement of an action potential down an axon, resulting in neurotransmitter release at the synaptic bouton and transmission of the impulse to the target neuron or organ
impulse propagation
215
genetic mutation that causes a change in an enzyme required for metabolism; early intervention is necessary to prevent the development of life-threatening conditions
inborn error of metabolism
216
a genetic effect in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is a mixture of the two parental phenotypes
incomplete dominance
217
unlinked genes within a primary germ cell separate randomly during gametogenesis
independent assortment
218
rapid mitotic divisions resulting in cells that are individually capable of becoming complete organisms
indeterminate cleavage
219
a chemical substance passed from an organizing cell to a responsive cell, resulting in differentiation of the responsive cell
inducer
220
the initiation of cell differentiation in a developing embryo due to the influence of other cells
induction
221
form of immunity that is nonspecific and does not require learning
innate immunity
222
the outer layer of the body (skin)
integument
223
collection of fibers that help to maintain the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton
intermediate filament
224
a neuron that has its cell body and nerve terminals confined to one specific area; often involved in spinal reflexes
interneuron
225
the stage between successive nuclear divisions; it is divided into G1, S, and G2 stages; cell growth and DNA replication occurs in this stage
interphase
226
oxidation of fatty acids and glucose for energy within cells
intracellular digestion
227
fluid-filled potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura that lubricates the two pleural surfaces and allows for a pressure differential between the intrapleural space and the lungs
intrapleural
228
a chromosomal mutation in which a section of a chromosome breaks off, flips over, and then reattaches in its original spot
inversion
229
mechanism that prevents genetic exchange between individuals of different species or populations
isolation
230
the middle portion of the small intestine
jejunum
231
space between two bones in a joint; enclosed and maintained by fibrous tissues
joint cavity
232
a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell releases a substance that binds to receptors on cells directly adjacent to the releasing cell
juxtacrine
233
protein present in the outermost layer of the skin that is largely responsible for preventing the loss of fluids and salts as well as the entry of foreign substances into the body
keratin
234
cells within the epidermis that produces keratin
keratinocytes
235
vertebrate organ that regulates water and salt concentration in the blood and is responsible for urine formation
kidney
236
a protein structure located at the centromere, that provides a place for spindle fibers to attach to the chromosome
kinetochore
237
small lymphatic vessel that runs in the center of the villi in the small intestine; site of lipid absorption into the lymphatic system
lacteal
238
small spaces within the bone matrix where osteocytes reside
lacunae
239
concentric circles of bone matrix within the Haversian systems of bone
lamellae
240
specialized macrophages that reside within the skin
langerhans cells
241
tubelike structure, shorter but wider than the small intestine, largely responsible for reabsorption of water and the formation of semisolid feces
large intestine
242
pathway for air between the pharynx and the trachea
larynx
243
the short interval between the application of a stimulus to a muscle and the contraction of the muscle
latent period
244
flow of genes between closely related species
leakage
245
white blood cells; can be subdivided into granulocytes and agranulocytes
leukocytes
246
connective tissue that joins two bones
ligament
247
one of two types of chains, made of peptides, that create antibodies; each antibody consists of two heavy chains and two light chains
light chain
248
tendency for certain alleles to be inherited together due to proximity on the same chromosome
linkage
249
enzyme that specifically cleaves the bonds in lipids
lipase
250
in genetics, an are or region of a chromosome
locus
251
the U-shape section of a mammalian nephron
loop of Henle
252
ringshaped muscular that separates the esophagus from the stomach; also known as the cardiac sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter
253
the space within a tube or a sac
lumen
254
clear fluid derived from blood plasma and transported through lymph vessels to the lymphatic ducts, which empty into the circulatory system
lymph
255
small, bean-shaped structure that provides a location for antigen presentation and mounting of an attack by the adaptive immune system
lymph node
256
a type of white blood cell involved in an organism's specific immune response
lymphocyte
257
bacteriophages infection involving the integration of viral DNA into the bacterial genome without disrupting or destroying the host
lysogenic cycle
258
a membrane-bound organelle that stores hydrolytic enzymes
lysosome
259
bacteriophage infection involving the destruction of the host bacterium
lytic cycle
260
a phagocytic white blood cell
macrophage
261
a unit used to denote a 1 percent recombination frequency between two genes when creating a genetic map
map unit
262
a granulocyte that releases histamine and causes inflammation
mast cell
263
breaking up of large food particles using the teeth, tongue, and lips; chewing
mastication
264
physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles
mechanical digestion
265
the internal section of an organ; may generally ref
medulla
266
the part of the brainstem closest to the spinal cord; it controls vital functions such as breathing and heartbreak
medulla oblongata
267
precursor cell that gives off platelets
megakaryocyte
268
a process of cell division in which two successive nuclear divisions produce up to four haploid gametes from one diploid germ cell
meiosis
269
skin pigment produced by melanocytes that protects the skin from UV radiation and provides skin color
melanin
270
melanin-producing cells of the skin
melanocytes
271
lymphocyte of B- or T-cell lineage that remains after an infection is gone in order to recognize the previous invader and rapidly induce a humoral immune resposne
memory cell
272
the shedding of the uterine lining that occurs every four weeks in a nonpregnant, human female of reproductive age
menstruation
273
the middle embryonic germ layer; it gives rise to the muscular, skeletal, urogenital, and circulatory systems
mesoderm
274
the sum of all biochemical reactions that occur in an organism
metabolism
275
the stage of mitosis or meiosis during which single chromosomes or tetrads line up on the central axis of the dividing cell and become attached to spindle fibers
metaphase
276
small polymerized rods of actin that participate in muscle contraction, movement of material within the cellular membrane, and amoeboid movement
microfilaments
277
phagocytic white blood cells that reside in the central nervous system
microglia
278
a small, hollow tube composed of two types of protein subunits; serves numerous functions in the cell, such as comprising the internal structures of cilia and flagella and allowing vesicle movement in the cell
microtubule
279
type of mutation that results in the substitution of on amino acid for another
missense mutation
280
membrane-bound cellular organelles in which the reactions of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis occur
mitochondria
281
cellular division that results in the formation of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell
mitosis
282
the atrioventricular valve separating the left atrium from the left ventricle
mitral valve
283
nerve carrying both afferent and efferent fiber
mixed nerve
284
a white blood cell that transforms into a macrophage or dendritic cell once it enters tissues
monocyte
285
a cross between two members of a species that seeks to study only one trait
monohybrid cross
286
a sugar consisting of one monomer
monosaccharide
287
molecule that causes nearby cells to proceed in a specific developmental pathway during embryonic development
morphogen
288
the solid ball of cells that results from the early stages of cleavage in an embryo
morula
289
the type of epithelial tissue that lines moist body cavities; a mucous membrane
mucosa
290
type of epithelial cell that secretes mucus
mucous cells
291
stem cell that is able to differentiate into various cells within a particular lineage
multipotent
292
an agent, either chemical or physical, that can cause mutations
mutagen
293
a change in DNA sequence
mutation
294
the white, lipid-containing material surrounding the axons of many neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems
myelin
295
ability of a muscle cell to contract without input from the nervous system; found in smooth and cardiac muscle types
myogenic activity
296
heme-containing protein that binds to molecular oxygen in muscle cells
myoglobin
297
a protein found in muscle cells that functions in muscle contractions
myosin
298
an ongoing evolutionary process resulting in changes in gene frequencies, leading to the differential development of phenotypes in a population
natural selection
299
describes the genome of an RNA virus that contains an RNA sequence that is complementary to the actual transcript for viral protein synthesis
negative sense
300
the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney
nephron
301
a bundle of neurons
nerve
302
the self-propagating change in electrical potential across the axon membrane
nerve impulse
303
end of the axon from which neurotransmitter molecules are released ; also called a synaptic bouton
neural crest cells
304
group of ectodermal cells that slide together to create a fold, which later becomes the neural tube
neural fold
305
embryonic hollow tube that subsequently gives rise to the central nervous system
neural tube
306
support cells for neurons; responsible for functions such as holding neurons in place, supplying neurons with oxygen and nutrients, insulating neurons from other neurons, destroying pathogens, and removing dead neurons
neuroglia
307
a cell that conducts electrical impulses; the functional unit of the nervous system
neuron
308
a chemical agent released into the synaptic cleft by the synaptic bouton of a neuron; binds to receptor sites on postsynaptic neurons or effector membranes to alter activity
neurotransmitter
309
type of granulocytic leukocyte that largely participates in the nonspecific immune response against bacteria
neutrophil
310
the specific way of life occupied by a given organism within the environment, including its interactions with other organisms and with the physical environment
niche
311
points on a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin
nodes of ranvier
312
failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis
nondisjunction
313
a change in nucleotide sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence
nonsense mutation
314
a hormone synthesized by the adrenal medulla; it stimulates the fight-or-flight repsonse
norepinephrine
315
a supportive rod running just ventral to the neural tube in vertebrate embryos that induces neurulation
notochord
316
double membrane enveloping the nucleus, interupted periodically by pores; found in eukaryotic cells only; also known as the nuclear envelope
nuclear membrane
317
small hole in the nuclear membrane that allows for two-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and nucleus
nuclear pore
318
location in prokaryotic cells where the chromosome is found
nucleoid region
319
dense body visible in a nondividing nucleus; site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
nucleolus
320
the eukaryotic membrane bound organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes
nucleus
321
myelin-producing cells in the central nervous system
oligodendrocyte
322
an undifferentiated cell that undergoes meiosis to produce an egg cell
oocyte
323
gametogenesis in the ovary leading to the formation of mature ova
oogenesis
324
a "sucking" pressure generated by the presence of solutes drawing in water
osmotic pressure
325
bone cell responsible for the generation of new bone due to bone remodeling or storage of minerals within the bone matrix
osteoblasts
326
bone cell responsible for the resorption of bone due to bone remodeling or mobilization of minerals from the bone matrix
osteoclasts
327
mature bone cells housed within the bone matrix
osteocytes
328
the female egg-producing gonad
ovary
329
the tube leading from the ovary to the uterus; generally the site of fertilization; also called the fallopian tube
oviduct
330
the release of he mature ovum from the ovarian follicle
ovulation
331
the female gamete; egg cell
ovum
332
the amount of oxygen needed to reconvert lactic acid to pyruvate following strenuous exercise
oxygen debt
333
a gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum via a duct and synthesizes and secretes the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin; located between the stomach and duodenum
pancreas
334
upper layer of the dermis, right below the epidermis, that consists of loose connective tissue
papillary layer
335
a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell releases a substance binds to receptors on nearby cells to cause a change in cellular activities
paracrine
336
the subdivison of the autonomic nervous system involved in rest and homeostasis; it is generally antagonistic to the sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
337
two pairs of glands located on the thyroid that secrete hormones that regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
parathyroid glands
338
cells within the stomach that are responsible for the secretion of acid into the lumen of the stomach
parietal cells
339
immunity conferred by the transfer or injection of previously formed antibodies
passive immunity
340
an infectious disease causing agent; includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions
pathogen
341
type of receptor on macrophages and dendritic cells that is able to recognize the nature of the invader and release the appropriate cytokines to attract the right immune cells to the area
pattern recognition receptor
342
percent of individuals with a particular genotype that actually express the associated phenotype
penetrance
343
enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds
peptidase
344
fibrous sheath surrounding long bones
periosteum
345
includes all neurons outside the central nervous system, including sensory and motor neurons; it is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
346
rhythmic waves of muscular contraction that move a substance through a tube
peristalsis
347
organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide and participates in the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids
peroxisome
