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mCAT Biology > The Nervous Systems > Flashcards

The Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

specialized cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses and then translating those electrical impulses into chemical signals

A

neurons

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2
Q

highly specialized cells responsible for the conduction of impulses

A

neurons

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3
Q

neurons communicate using both…

A

electrical and chemical forms of communication

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4
Q

[blank] occurs via ion exchange and the generation of membrane potential down the length of the axon

A

electrical communication

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5
Q

[blank] occurs via neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cell and the binding of these neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic cell

A

chemical communication

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6
Q

[blank] are appendages that receive signals from other cells

A

dendrites

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7
Q

[blank] is the location of the nucleus as well as organelles such as the endoplasmic recticulum and ribosomes

A

soma or cell body

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8
Q

[blank] is where the cell body transitions to the axon, and where action potentials are initiated

A

axon hillock

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9
Q

[blank] is a long appendage down which an action potential travels

A

axon

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10
Q

[blank] is the end of the axon from which neurotransmitters are released

A

nerve terminal or synaptic bouton

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11
Q

[blank] are exposed areas of the myelinated axons that permit saltatory conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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12
Q

[blank] consists of the nerve terminal of the presynaptic neuron, the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, and the space between two

A

synapse

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13
Q

[blank] the space between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic cell

A

synaptic cleft

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14
Q

many axons are covered in [blank]

A

myelin

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15
Q

[blank] is an insulating substance that prevents signal loss

A

myelin

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16
Q

[blank] creates myelin in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

individual axons are bundled into…

A

nerves or tracts

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18
Q

a single nerve may carry multiple…

A

types of information including sensory, motor, or both

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19
Q

tracts only contain [blank] type of information

A

one

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20
Q

cell bodies of neurons of the same type within a nerve cluster together in the [blank] in the PNS

A

ganglia

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21
Q

cell bodies of the individual neurons within a tract cluster together in the [blank] in the CNS

A

nuclei

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22
Q

other cells within the nervous system in addition to neurons include…

A

neuroglia or glial cells

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23
Q

[blank] nourish neurons and form the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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24
Q

[blank] controls the transmission of solutes from the bloodstream into nervous tissue

A

blood-brain barrier

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25
Q

[blank] line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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26
Q

[blank] physically supports the brain and serves as a shock absorber

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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27
Q

[blank] are phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS

A

microglia

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28
Q

[blank] and [blank] produce myelin around the axons

A

oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)

29
Q

all neurons exhibit a [blank] of approximately -70mV

A

resting membrane potential

30
Q

resting potential is maintained using [blank] and [blank]

A

selective permeability of ions and the Na+/K+ ATPase

31
Q

[blank] pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for ever 2 potassium ions pumped in

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

32
Q

icoming signals can either be [blank] or [blank]

A

excitatory or inhibitory

33
Q

[blank] cause depolarization of the neuron

A

excitatory signals

34
Q

[blank] cause hyperpolarization of the neuron

A

inhibitory signals

35
Q

[blank] refers to the integration of multiple signals near each other in time

A

temporal summation

36
Q

[blank] refers to the addition of multiple signals near each other in space

A

spatial summation

37
Q

a [blank] is used to propagate signals down the axon

A

action potential

38
Q

when enough excitatory stimulation occurs, the cell is [blank] to the [blank] and voltage-gated sodium channels open

A

depolarized// threshold voltage

39
Q

sodium flows into the neuron due to its strong [blank] … this continues to depolarize the neuron

A

electrochemical gradient

40
Q

at the peak of the action potential (approximately +35mV), sodium channels are [blank] and potassium channels [blank]

A

inactivated// open

41
Q

potassium flows out of the neuron due to its strong electrochemial gradient which [blank] the cell

A

repolarizes

42
Q

potassium channels stay open long enough to overshoot the action potential resulting in a [blank] neuron

A

hyperpolarized

43
Q

the [blank] brings the neuron back to the resting potential and restores the sodium and potassium gradients

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

44
Q

while the axon is hyperpolarized it is in its [blank]

A

refractory period

45
Q

during the [blank] the cell is unable to fire another action potential

A

absolute refractory period

46
Q

during the [blank] the cell requires a larger than normal stimulus to fire an action potential

A

relative refractory period

47
Q

at the [blank] neurotransmitters are released into the synapse

A

nerve terminal

48
Q

when the action-potential arrives at the nerve terminal, [blank] open

A

voltage-gated calcium channels

49
Q

the influx of calcium causes [blank] of vesicles filled with neurotransmitter with the presynaptic membrane, resulting in [blank] of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

A

fusion// exocytosis

50
Q

the neurotransmitters [blank] to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, which may be [blank] or [blank] receptors

A

bind// ligand-gated ion channels// G protein-coupled

51
Q

neurotransmitters must be cleared from the [blank] to stop the propagation of the signals

A

postsynaptic receptors

52
Q

the neurotransmitter can be [blank] broken down

A

enzymatically

53
Q

the neurotransmitter can be absorbed back into the presynaptic cell by [blank]

A

reuptake channels

54
Q

the neurotransmitter can [blank] out of the synaptic cleft

A

diffuse

55
Q

there are three types of neurons in the nervous system

A

motor (efferent), interneurons, and sensory (afferent) neurons

56
Q

MESA (mom eats spaghetti alot)

A

motor–efferent, sensory–afferent

57
Q

the nervous system is made up of the [blank] and the [blank]

A

central nervous system// peripheral nervous system

58
Q

central nervous system (CNS) contains

A

brain and spinal cord

59
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains

A

cranial and spinal nerves

60
Q

in the CNS [blank] consists of myelinated axons

A

white matter

61
Q

in the CNS [blank] consists of unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites

A

grey matter

62
Q

in the brain [blank] is deeper than [blank]

A

white matter// grey matter

63
Q

in the spinal cord [blank] is deeper than [blank]

A

grey matter// white matter

64
Q

the PNS is divided into the [blank] and [blank] nervous systems

A

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (automatic)

65
Q

SVAA (so very awesome abby)

A

somatic–voluntary// autonomic–automatic

66
Q

the autonomic nervous system is further divided into the [blank] and [blank] branches

A

parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) and sympathetic (flight-or-fight)

67
Q

[blank] use the ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay information to the source of a stimulus while simultaneously routing it to the brain

A

reflex arcs

68
Q

in a [blank] the sensory (afferent,presynaptic) neuron fires directly onto the motor (efferent, postsynaptic)

A

monosynaptic reflex arcs

69
Q

in a [blank] the sensory neuron may fire onto a motor neuron as well as interneurons that fire onto another motor neurons

A

polysnaptic reflex arcs

mCAT Biology (13 decks)

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