The Nervous Systems

Question 1

specialized cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses and then translating those electrical impulses into chemical signals

Answer 1

neurons

Question 2

highly specialized cells responsible for the conduction of impulses

Answer 2

neurons

Question 3

neurons communicate using both…

Answer 3

electrical and chemical forms of communication

Question 4

[blank] occurs via ion exchange and the generation of membrane potential down the length of the axon

Answer 4

electrical communication

Question 5

[blank] occurs via neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cell and the binding of these neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic cell

Answer 5

chemical communication

Question 6

[blank] are appendages that receive signals from other cells

Answer 6

dendrites

Question 7

[blank] is the location of the nucleus as well as organelles such as the endoplasmic recticulum and ribosomes

Answer 7

soma or cell body

Question 8

[blank] is where the cell body transitions to the axon, and where action potentials are initiated

Answer 8

axon hillock

Question 9

[blank] is a long appendage down which an action potential travels

Answer 9

axon

Question 10

[blank] is the end of the axon from which neurotransmitters are released

Answer 10

nerve terminal or synaptic bouton

Question 11

[blank] are exposed areas of the myelinated axons that permit saltatory conduction

Answer 11

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 12

[blank] consists of the nerve terminal of the presynaptic neuron, the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, and the space between two

Answer 12

synapse

Question 13

[blank] the space between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic cell

Answer 13

synaptic cleft

Question 14

many axons are covered in [blank]

Answer 14

myelin

Question 15

[blank] is an insulating substance that prevents signal loss

Answer 15

myelin

Question 16

[blank] creates myelin in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 16

oligodendrocytes

Question 17

individual axons are bundled into…

Answer 17

nerves or tracts

Question 18

a single nerve may carry multiple…

Answer 18

types of information including sensory, motor, or both

Question 19

tracts only contain [blank] type of information

Answer 19

one

Question 20

cell bodies of neurons of the same type within a nerve cluster together in the [blank] in the PNS

Answer 20

ganglia

Question 21

cell bodies of the individual neurons within a tract cluster together in the [blank] in the CNS

Answer 21

nuclei

Question 22

other cells within the nervous system in addition to neurons include…

Answer 22

neuroglia or glial cells

Question 23

[blank] nourish neurons and form the blood-brain barrier

Answer 23

astrocytes

Question 24

[blank] controls the transmission of solutes from the bloodstream into nervous tissue

Answer 24

blood-brain barrier

Question 25

[blank] line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 25

ependymal cells

Question 26

[blank] physically supports the brain and serves as a shock absorber

Answer 26

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 27

[blank] are phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS

Answer 27

microglia

Question 28

[blank] and [blank] produce myelin around the axons

Answer 28

oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)

Question 29

all neurons exhibit a [blank] of approximately -70mV

Answer 29

resting membrane potential

Question 30

resting potential is maintained using [blank] and [blank]

Answer 30

selective permeability of ions and the Na+/K+ ATPase

Question 31

[blank] pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for ever 2 potassium ions pumped in

Answer 31

Na+/K+ ATPase

Question 32

icoming signals can either be [blank] or [blank]

Answer 32

excitatory or inhibitory

Question 33

[blank] cause depolarization of the neuron

Answer 33

excitatory signals

Question 34

[blank] cause hyperpolarization of the neuron

Answer 34

inhibitory signals

Question 35

[blank] refers to the integration of multiple signals near each other in time

Answer 35

temporal summation

Question 36

[blank] refers to the addition of multiple signals near each other in space

Answer 36

spatial summation

Question 37

a [blank] is used to propagate signals down the axon

Answer 37

action potential

Question 38

when enough excitatory stimulation occurs, the cell is [blank] to the [blank] and voltage-gated sodium channels open

Answer 38

depolarized// threshold voltage

Question 39

sodium flows into the neuron due to its strong [blank] ... this continues to depolarize the neuron

Answer 39

electrochemical gradient

Question 40

at the peak of the action potential (approximately +35mV), sodium channels are [blank] and potassium channels [blank]

Answer 40

inactivated// open

Question 41

potassium flows out of the neuron due to its strong electrochemial gradient which [blank] the cell

Answer 41

repolarizes

Question 42

potassium channels stay open long enough to overshoot the action potential resulting in a [blank] neuron

Answer 42

hyperpolarized

Question 43

the [blank] brings the neuron back to the resting potential and restores the sodium and potassium gradients

Answer 43

Na+/K+ ATPase

Question 44

while the axon is hyperpolarized it is in its [blank]

Answer 44

refractory period

Question 45

during the [blank] the cell is unable to fire another action potential

Answer 45

absolute refractory period

Question 46

during the [blank] the cell requires a larger than normal stimulus to fire an action potential

Answer 46

relative refractory period

Question 47

at the [blank] neurotransmitters are released into the synapse

Answer 47

nerve terminal

Question 48

when the action-potential arrives at the nerve terminal, [blank] open

Answer 48

voltage-gated calcium channels

Question 49

the influx of calcium causes [blank] of vesicles filled with neurotransmitter with the presynaptic membrane, resulting in [blank] of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

Answer 49

fusion// exocytosis

Question 50

the neurotransmitters [blank] to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, which may be [blank] or [blank] receptors

Answer 50

bind// ligand-gated ion channels// G protein-coupled

Question 51

neurotransmitters must be cleared from the [blank] to stop the propagation of the signals

Answer 51

postsynaptic receptors

Question 52

the neurotransmitter can be [blank] broken down

Answer 52

enzymatically

Question 53

the neurotransmitter can be absorbed back into the presynaptic cell by [blank]

Answer 53

reuptake channels

Question 54

the neurotransmitter can [blank] out of the synaptic cleft

Answer 54

diffuse

Question 55

there are three types of neurons in the nervous system

Answer 55

motor (efferent), interneurons, and sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 56

MESA (mom eats spaghetti alot)

Answer 56

motor--efferent, sensory--afferent

Question 57

the nervous system is made up of the [blank] and the [blank]

Answer 57

central nervous system// peripheral nervous system

Question 58

central nervous system (CNS) contains

Answer 58

brain and spinal cord

Question 59

peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains

Answer 59

cranial and spinal nerves

Question 60

in the CNS [blank] consists of myelinated axons

Answer 60

white matter

Question 61

in the CNS [blank] consists of unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites

Answer 61

grey matter

Question 62

in the brain [blank] is deeper than [blank]

Answer 62

white matter// grey matter

Question 63

in the spinal cord [blank] is deeper than [blank]

Answer 63

grey matter// white matter

Question 64

the PNS is divided into the [blank] and [blank] nervous systems

Answer 64

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (automatic)

Question 65

SVAA (so very awesome abby)

Answer 65

somatic--voluntary// autonomic--automatic

Question 66

the autonomic nervous system is further divided into the [blank] and [blank] branches

Answer 66

parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) and sympathetic (flight-or-fight)

Question 67

[blank] use the ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay information to the source of a stimulus while simultaneously routing it to the brain

Answer 67

reflex arcs

Question 68

in a [blank] the sensory (afferent,presynaptic) neuron fires directly onto the motor (efferent, postsynaptic)

Answer 68

monosynaptic reflex arcs

Question 69

in a [blank] the sensory neuron may fire onto a motor neuron as well as interneurons that fire onto another motor neurons

Answer 69

polysnaptic reflex arcs