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mCAT Biology > The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

there are three main types of muscle

A
  1. ) skeletal
  2. ) smooth
  3. ) cardiac
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2
Q

[blank] muscle is involved in support and movement, propulsion of blood in the venous system, and thermoregulation

A

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

skeletal muscle appears [blank]

A

striated

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4
Q

skeletal muscle is under [blank] control and is [blank]

A

somatic control// polynucleated

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5
Q

skeletal muscle can be divided into [blank] and [blank]

A

red fibers// white fibers

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6
Q

[blank] are slow twitch and carry out oxidative phosphorylation

A

red fibers

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7
Q

[blank] are fast-twitch that rely on anaerobic metabolism

A

white fibers

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8
Q

[blank] muscle is in the respiratory, reproductive, cardiovascular, and digestive systems

A

smooth muscle

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9
Q

smooth muscle is [blank] and is under [blank] control and is [blank]

A

nonstriated// voluntary control/ unucleated

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10
Q

cells within smooth muscle are connects with [blank] that contain [blank]

A

intercalacted discs// gap junctions

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11
Q

the [blank] is the basic contractile unit of striated muscle

A

sarcomere

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12
Q

[blank] are made of thick/ myosin and thin/actin filaments

A

sarcomeres

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13
Q

[blank] and [blank] are found on the thin filaments and regulate actin-myosin interactions

A

troponin// tropomyosin

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14
Q

the sarcomere can be divided into different [blank], [blank], [blank]

A

lines// zones// bands

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15
Q

the boundaries of each sarcomere are defined by [blank]

A

Z-lines

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16
Q

the [blank] is located in the middle of the sarcomere

A

M-line

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17
Q

the [blank] contains only thin filaments

A

I-band

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18
Q

the [blank] consists of only thick filaments

A

H-zone

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19
Q

the [blank] contains the thick filaments in their entirety; its the only part of the sarcomere that maintains a constant size during contraction

A

A-band

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20
Q

sarcomeres attach end-to-end to become [blank]

A

myofibrils

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21
Q

each [blank] contains many myofibrils

A

myocyte

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22
Q

myofibrils are surrounded by the [blank]

A

sarcoplasmic recticulum

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23
Q

cell membrane of a myocyte is known as the [blank]

A

sarcolemma

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24
Q

a system of [blank] is connected to the sarcolemma and oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils, allowing the action potential to reach all parts of the muscle

A

t-tubules

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25
Q

muscle contraction begins at the [blank], where the motor neuron releases acetylcholine that binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, causing depolarization

A

neuromuscular junction

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26
Q

muscle cells exhibit an all-or-nothing response called a [blank]

A

simple twitch

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27
Q

addition of multiple simple twitches before the muscle has an opportunity to fully relax is called [blank]

A

frequency summation

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28
Q

simple twitches that occur so frequently as to not let the muscle relax at all can lead to [blank]

A

tetanus

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29
Q

muscle cells have additional energy reserves to reduce [blank]

A

oxygen debt

30
Q

[blank] is the difference between the amount of oxygen needed and the amount present

A

oxygen debt

31
Q

[blank] can transfer a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP

A

creatine phosphate

32
Q

[blank] is a heme-containing protein that is a muscular oxygen reserve

A

myoglobin

33
Q

internal skeletons (such as in humans) are called [blank]

A

endoskeletons

34
Q

external skeletons (such s in arthropods) are called [blank]

A

exoskeletons

35
Q

the human skeletal system can be divided into [blank] and [blank] skeletons

A

axial// appendicular

36
Q

the [blank] consists of structures in the midline such as the skull vertebral column, ribcage, hyoid bone

A

axial skeleton

37
Q

the [blank] consists of bones of the limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvis

A

appendicular skeleton

38
Q

bone is derived from [blank]

A

embryonic mesoderm

39
Q

bone has [blank] and [blank] types

A

compact// spongy

40
Q

[blank] bone provides strength and is dense

A

compact

41
Q

[blank] bone has a lattic-like structure consisting of bony spicules known as trabeculae

A

spongy

42
Q

spongy bone is also known as [blank]

A

cancellous

43
Q

long bones contain shafts called [blank]

A

diaphyses

44
Q

the epiphysis contains an [blank] that causes linear growth of the bone

A

epiphyseal (growth) plates

45
Q

diaphyses flare to form [blank] and terminate in [blank]

A

metaphyses// epiphyses

46
Q

bone is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called [blank]

A

periosteum

47
Q

bones are attached to muscles by [blank]

A

tendons

48
Q

bones are attached to bones by [blank]

A

ligaments

49
Q

[blank] has both organic components like collagen, glycoproteins, and other peptides

A

bone matrix

50
Q

bone is organized into concentric rings called [blank] around a central [blank]

A

lamellae// haversian or volksmann’s canal

51
Q

the structural unit is called an [blank]

A

osteon

52
Q

between lamellar rings are [blank], where osteocytes reside, which as connected with [blank] to allow for nutrient and waste transfer

A

lacunae// canaliculi

53
Q

bone remodeling is carried out by [blank] and [blank]

A

osteoblasts// osteoclates

54
Q

[blank] build bone

A

osteoblasts

55
Q

[blank] resorb bone

A

osteoclats

56
Q

[blank] increases resorption of bone, increasing calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood

A

parathyroid hormone

57
Q

[blank] increase resorption of bone, leading to increases turnover, and production of a stronger bone

A

vitamin D

58
Q

[blank] increases bone formation, decreasing calcium concentrations in the blood

A

calcitonin

59
Q

[blank] is a firm elastic material

A

cartilage

60
Q

cartilage is secreted by [blank]

A

chondrocytes

61
Q

cartilage matrix is called [blank]

A

chondrin

62
Q

cartilage is [blank] and is not innervated

A

avascular

63
Q

in fetal life, bone forms from cartilage through [blank]

A

endochondral ossification

64
Q

joints may be classified as [blank] or [blank]

A

immovable// moveable

65
Q

[blank] joints are fused together to form sutures or similar fibrous joints

A

immovable joints

66
Q

[blank] joints are usually strengthened by ligaments and contains a synovial capsule

A

movable joints

67
Q

[blank], secreted by the synovium, aids in motion by lubricating the joint

A

synovial fluid

68
Q

each bone in the joint is coated with [blank] to aid in movement and provide cushioning

A

articular cartilage

69
Q

muscles that serve opposite function come in [blank]; when one muscle contracts, the other lengthens

A

antagonistic pairs

70
Q

antagonistis pairs means…

A

when one muscle contracts, the other lengthens

mCAT Biology (13 decks)

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