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mcat biology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

[blank] digestion involves the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids to make energy

A

intracellular digestion

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2
Q

[blank] digestion occurs in the lumen of the alimentary canal

A

extracellular digestion

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3
Q

[blank] digestion is the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles

A

mechanical digestion

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4
Q

[blank] digestion is the enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds, such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the glycosidic bonds of starches

A

chemical digestion

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5
Q

pathway of the digestive tract

A

oral cavity (mouth) –> pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine –> rectum

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6
Q

the accessory organs of digestion include

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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7
Q

the [blank] system is in the wall of the alimentary canal and controls peristalsis

A

enteric nervous system

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8
Q

the enteric nervous system’s activity is upregulated by the [blank] nervous system and downregulated by the [blank] nervous system

A

parasympathetic// sympathetic

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9
Q

[blank] and [blank] hormone promotes thirst

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)// aldosterone

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10
Q

[blank] and [blank] hormone promotes hunger

A

glucagon// ghrelin

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11
Q

[blank] and [blank] hormone promotes satiety

A

leptin// cholecystokinin

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12
Q

[blank] starts the mechanical digestion of food and is also known as chewing

A

mastication

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13
Q

[blank] and [blank] begin the chemical digestion of food in the oral cavity

A

salivary amylase// lipase

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14
Q

once mechanical/ chemical digestion occurs, food is formed into a [blank] and swallowed

A

bolus

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15
Q

the [blank] connects with the mouth and posterior nasal cavity to the esophagus

A

pharynx

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16
Q

the [blank] propels food to the stomach using peristalsis

A

esophagus

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17
Q

food enters the stomach through the [blank]

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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18
Q

the stomach has four parts which include

A

the fundus, body, atrum, and pylorus

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19
Q

the stomach has a [blank] and [blank] curvature and thrown into folds called [blank]

A

lesser// greater// rugae

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20
Q

[blank] cells produce bicarbonate-rich mucus to protect the stomach

A

mucous cells

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21
Q

[blank] cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

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22
Q

[blank] is needed for vitamin B12 absorption

A

intrinsic factor

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23
Q

[blank] secrete pepsinogen

A

chief cells

24
Q

[blank] is a protease activated by the acidic environment of the stomach

A

pepsinogen

25
Q

[blank] cells secrete gastrin

A

G-cells

26
Q

[blank] is a peptide hormone that increases HCl secretion and gastric motility

A

gastrin

27
Q

after mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach, the food particles are now called [blank]

A

chyme

28
Q

food passes into the duodenum through the [blank]

A

pyloric sphincter

29
Q

the [blank] is the first part of the small intestine and is primarily involved in chemical digestion

A

duodenum

30
Q

[blank] are brush-border enzymes that break down maltose, isomaltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides

A

disaccharidases

31
Q

brush-border peptidases include [blank] and [blank]

A

aminopeptidase// dipeptidase

32
Q

[blank] activates trypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, initiating an activation cascade

A

enteropeptidase

33
Q

[blank] stimulates the release of pancreatic juices into the digestive tract and slows motility

A

secretin

34
Q

[blank] stimulates bile release from the gallbladder, release of pancreatic juices, and satiety

A

cholecystokinin

35
Q

[blank] cells in the pancreas produce pancreatic juices that contain biocarbonate, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic peptidase and pancreatic lipase

A

acinar cells

36
Q

pancreatic peptidases include…

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidase A and B

37
Q

the [blank] synthesizes bile

A

liver

38
Q

[blank] can be stored in the gallbladder or secreted into the duodenum directly

A

bile

39
Q

[blank] emulsifies fats, making them soluble and increasing their surface area

A

bile

40
Q

the main components of bile are [blank], [blank] and [blank]

A

bile salts// pigments// cholesterol

41
Q

the [blank] stores and concentrates bile

A

gallbladder

42
Q

the [blank] and [blank] of the small intestine are primarily involved in absorption

A

jejunum// ileum

43
Q

the small intestine is lined with [blank] which are covered with [blank] increasing the surface area available for absorption

A

villi// microvilli

44
Q

villi contain a [blank] and a [blank]

A

capillary bed and lacteal

45
Q

a [blank] is a vessel of the lymphatic system

A

lacteal

46
Q

water soluble compounds that enter the capillary bed include…

A
  1. ) monosaccharides
  2. ) amino acids
  3. ) water-soluble vitamins
  4. ) small fatty acids
  5. ) water
47
Q

fat-soluble compounds that enter the lacteal include…

A
  1. ) fats
  2. ) cholesterol
  3. ) fat-soluble vitamins
48
Q

the [blank] absorbs water and salts, forming semisolid feces

A

large intestine

49
Q

the [blank] is an outpocketing that accepts fluid from the small intestine through the [blank]

A

cecum// ileocecal valve

50
Q

the cecum is the site of attachment of the [blank]

A

appendix

51
Q

the [blank] is divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions

A

colon

52
Q

portions of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

53
Q

the [blank] stores feces

A

rectum

54
Q

feces are excreted through the [blank]

A

anus

55
Q

gut bacteria produce [blank] and [blank]

A

vitamin K// biotin (vitamin B7)

mcat biology (13 decks)

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